Aspects of Life in Weimar and Nazi Germany Flashcards
1
Q
Why were there severe food shortages in Germany during the war?
A
It was hard to farm when all the horses had been taken from the front whilst most of the food was being sent there. Allied blockades of ports stopped supplies getting into Germany
2
Q
What did food shortages in the first world war lead Germans to eat?
A
Alternative foods such as K brot which is bread made from potatoes, oats and sometimes even straw
3
Q
What was life like due to malnutrition for ordinary Germans?
A
Infant mortality or still births were high.
4
Q
What is an example of how much of an issue malnutrition was for ordinary Germans?
A
In one district of Berlin 90 percent of all children between 2 and 6 were undernourished
5
Q
What shows that the establishment of the 8 hour working day in 1918 was unsuccessful?
A
It had all but disappeared by 1924 as though it was still the law workers not could afford to press for it and employers never wanted it.
6
Q
How did the goverment cater for the poorest in society?
A
They were given benefits although it wasn’t alot
7
Q
Why did even skilled workers and low level clerical workers experience rising unemployment?
A
Businesses preferred to employ women who they could pay significantly less
8
Q
What were Labour exchange laws?
A
They set up goverment offices in 1922 to provide training and help to find work for the unemployed. This put forward the ides that people had the right to work.
9
Q
When was the economic Enabling law introduced?
A
Febuary 1924
10
Q
What is the economic Enabling law?
A
It restructures unemployment benefit and sets rates for employers contributions
11
Q
What is the reich social welfare law?
A
Also introduced in Feburary 1924, it pulls together all of the different post war benefits and relief systems and sets up municipal welfare offices too administer them
12
Q
What is the reich pension law?
A
It regulates pensions especially those paid to war veterans, war widows and parents of dead soldiers and is not linked to the rank of the soldiers but the jobs they had before they joined up
13
Q
What is unemployment insurance law?
A
This introduces unemployment insurance to give benefit to all of those outside of work not just temporarily unemployed due to sickness.
14
Q
What was the standard of living in Germany divided by in 1933 -39?
A
Between those of the conformist ‘pure germans’ the people that Nazis saw as ‘undesirable’
15
Q
What was the law which eventually lead to the T4 programme?
A
On the 18th of August 1939 a law was passed that all doctors, nurses and midwives had to report any babies and children under 3 that showed any sign of physical or mental disability
16
Q
When did the T4 programme begin?
A
October 1939
17
Q
What was the T4 programme?
A
Parents were offered the chance to send their disabled children too specialist clinics where they were killed. The programme was expanded to cover all disabled children upto the age of 17
18
Q
From January 1940 how was the T4 programme extended?
A
It was extended to other hospitals and institutions for the old, mentally ill or the chronically sick.
19
Q
How many people died under the T4 programme?
A
Over 70,000
20
Q
How did the Nazis identify familys as a social?
A
Familys that failed to lay rent, failed to keel a month or were alcholic
21
Q
How were a social familys treated between October 36 and July 40?
A
They were sent for about a year to be re-educate at Hashude, a fenced off housing estate for 78 familys
22
Q
What happened at Hashude?
A
Lectures and classes, living to set schedules and visits at any hours of the day or night by officials
23
Q
Why was Hasude closed?
A
Housing became too scarce to maintain
24
Q
Initially how did living standards improve under the Nazis for conformist?
A
Unemployment dropped whilst Nazi statistics showed real wages improving
25
What were the problems with the Nazis improving living conditions?
Wages were regulated so people did not have too much spending money because industry was geared to war production not consumables. Real wages only improved if a worker worked over time.
26
What extras did the strength through joy programme provide?
They included provision of loans, medical care and extra food and vitamins for suitable mothers. There was also the chance to save for a Volskwagen
27
What did the Nazis set up to deal with social welfare
The National Socalist People's Welfare
28
How did the NSV divide people and what was its aim?
They divided people into the needy who deserves help and those who did not. The NSVs aims were to create a healthy nation not to care for the needs of individuals
29
What were 3 things the NVS did?
1. Ran the mother and child programme and the creches and kindergardens s 2. Responsible for housing 3. Ran a yearly winter aid programme.
30
By 1939 how many had the NVS employed?
They had over a million voluntary workers and about 500,000 block workers who were responsible for 30-60 households
31
What was the yearly winter aid programme?
Fron 1939 the NVS distributed clothes and ran soup kitchens at emergency centres. Hitler announced its launch urging people ro contribute and by the next day he announced that 2 million reischmark had been donated some by Nazi head quaters.
32
Why was it hard for people to refuse to donate to the yearly winter aid programme?
A blockwarden often in SA uniform would be the ones asking for donations. Some factories also took a 'voluntary' donation from wages.
33
How did many people view the NSV officials?
They saw the volunteers as Nazi snoopers who were hoping to catch people breaking regulations for example listening to foreign radio broadcasts.
34
What had women's roles been viewed as being in Germany?
Kinder, Kuche und Kirche
35
What did the German Civil code of 1900 say?
Women could not vote, single women could study for a profession such as law, but could not take the exams to qualify and practice.
36
What was the status of a married women pre WW1 like?
They had no legal status at all, a man had to do any legal business on their behalf.
37
What role did women take on during the war and what is an example of this?
They took the place of men in factories, on farms and almost every other role of life. In 1913 the armaments manufacturer Krupp had no women employees, by 1918 it had over 28,000
38
By the end of the war what percentage of working age women were in war?
75%
39
How many men died in ww1?
1.6 million
40
What did the deaths of men during the war mean for women?
Surplus women, women who could not find husbands were now significant part of the population
41
What was the turnout for women in the first Weimar elections?
90%
42
How many women were elected into the Reichstag between 1919 and 1932?
112
43
What did the Weimar constitution say about women?
It stated that women had equal rights, "in principle." It also stated that marriage should be an equal union and women should be able to enter legal professions
44
What was the draw back of the Weimar's constitution on women?
It only said in principle and should be. It did not change the legal status of women under the civil code.
45
What was the party that mostly supported equality and women's rights?
The SPD
46
Why were some people in the Reichstag concerned about the changing roles of women?
The birth rate was fallling
47
How many live births per 1000 were then in 1911 vs 1933?
128 to 59
48
How did the divorce rate change throughout the Weimar period?
It went up which concerened some people
49
What was the Weimar governments policy in regard to returning soliders and work?
Women were to give their job up back to men
50
What did a post war census in 1925 show about women employment figures?
They were almost at pre war levels, with 36% of the workforce being female whilst it had been 34% before the war
51
What types of jobs did women do?
Women were expected to give up the jobs traditionally done by men and there were many more white blouse jobs after the war such as shop work traditionally done by women
52
In office work how were women paid compared to men?
They were on average paid 33% less then men.
53
What was one of the main causes of opposition to women entering the work force?
Women were not expected to have a career as they were expected to give up their job when they married. Professions required long term training and provided a career.
54
By 1933 how many women lawyers were there?
36
55
What was one of the struggles that married women faced if they wanted to work?
The school day was structured to end at lunch time so they needed to find childcare or work from home.
56
How many women were doing poorly paid work from home in 1925?
Over a quarter of a million as they could do this whilst looking after their children.
57
What idea rose in the media about women?
The idea of the new women
58
Why did women face less unemployment during the depression then men?
They were cheaper to employ
59
In 1932 what was unemployment like for men vs women?
46% vs 33%
60
What law did Bruning pass in regards to women in May 1932?
It allowed for the dismissal of married women in government service if they were had husbands who were earning, this was the same as was happening in privately owned industries.
61
What was the BDM?
The league of German girls, the older female Nazi youth group
62
What slogan did the Nazis use to show their view on women?
Kinder Kuche und Kirche to give their view of women a familiar feel
63
Why did the Nazis not really want women to attend church?
It competed with their influence.
64
What did the Nazis think of families?
They saw the family as too individualistic and wanted family members to work for the good of Germany, not too support the familu.
65
What organisastion organised activities for non Nazi members?
the German workers enterprise
66
What did couples need to qualify for a marriage loan?
A license saying they were fit and racially acceptable.
67
How was help with school fees provided by the Nazis?
Some were helped with school and transport fees but only after an interview eliminated the "unsuitable families." Poor familes were given grants of up to 100 rm per child.
68
What was the lebensborn programme?
It started in 1936 and was run by a special part o the SS. Its aim was to produce healthy ayran children. Selected men, usually members of the SS, were selected to mare with as many different "racially pure," young women as possible many from the BDM. The programme had its own hospitals, clinics and homes for children born under the children. They were then adopted by fit Germans who had trouble concieving. Once the third reich began to expand, the lebensborn programme took suitable children from families in the lands they took over and out them into homes.
69
What was the SS marriage order of 1931?
It stated that members of the SS can only marry Aryan women.
70
How was the SS marriage order amended in 1936?
It now said that SS married or not had to have at least 4 children by an aryan women
71
What did the loan to reduce employment state in regards to women?
It included an interest free marriage loan to aryan couples if a woman gave up her job and promised not to work again as long as the woman has a job and is passed as fit to have children. The loan is reduced by a quarter for every child the woman has.
72
What did the Nazis announce in regards to women on the 30th of June 1933?
All married women in the civil service with wage earning husbands are to be dismissed while the wages of the rest are fixed lower.
73
What was the law for the prevention of offspring with hereditary diseases?
This was passed on the 14th of July 1933, it made it possible to sterilize those (male or female,) with mental and physical disabilities, but it also extended to women with several sexual partners or illegitimate children and to male and female alcoholics. It secretly extended to cover racial undesirability.
74
What were women excluded from in 1936?
Working in the law except in administive posts.
75
What was the law for the protection of hereditary health of german people?
Passed on the 18th of October 1935, it stated that a fitness to marry certificate is required to prove that neither couple is genetically or racially impure.
76
What was change was announced to marriage loans in 1937?
Due to increasing war goods production to be ready for war, women can still work and be awarded the marriage loan.
77
How did the Nazis change divorce law in 1938?
Marriage law extended the grounds for divorce to include infertility, having an abortion and refusing to have a baby.
78
What was the mothers cross?
Introduce in May 1939, it was given to mothers with four (bronze,) six (silver,) or eight or more (gold) children. It is awarded on mothers day, Hitlers mothers birthday in August.
79
What was one of the large effects that Nazi policies had on women?
A large number of women, especially married ones, lost their jobs. Single women still found work, usually domestic work but were excluded from the highest level of work. Even highly skilled doctors were expected to work in suitable jobs such as maternity clinics or GPs rather than putting their skills to full use.
80
How were women teachers treated in the Nazi period?
Despite being the highest female professional group, they could only work at the lowest levels in schools, women who taught in secondary school had to teach primary school children.
81
How did women civil servants work?
They had to work in a woman's section of the governments office in which they worked.
82
How were mothers with soldiers who had died or were on active service treated?
They were given more support and honored on occasions such as mothers day which the Nazis made a national holiday. They were brought together in small groups for coffee and cake with local youth groups.
83
What were the expectations placed on mothers that didn't include having children?
They were expected to eat well, get enough exercise and not spoke. She was expected to be a good house wife and a faithful wife. The Nazis expected their various organisastions to monitor mothers to make sure they met these standards.
84
How did attitudes to women change during the war period?
War put extra pressure on production so women were urged to join war work even if they were married and more child care was provided.
85
How many kindergarten and creches did the NSV have by the end of 1942?
31,000
86
How was the amount of women in work during ww2 compared to ww1?
There were far less women in work, it only went up by 2% between 1939 and 44 whilst in WW1 it gone up by 76% between 1913 and 1918
87
What were the 3 main reasons why there wasn't as much as an increase in women entering work during ww2?
1. The Nazi propaganda had worked well and many organisastions were reluctant to have them, telling women who said they had children to go home. 2. The government did not use women in all types of war work preferring them to replace male teachers or work on the land rather then in the mines or heavy industry as they were doing in Britain 3. Germany had the use of foreign labour from the lands they conquered so their need to mobilise women was nowhere as great as other places.
88
In 1944 what amount of the workforce in agriculture and war production were foreigners?
About one third
89
How were women foreign workers treated?
They were expected to work as they weren't pure aryan women.
90
What do the foreign workers figures not include?
The people forced to work in labour camps.
91
From October 1940 what were women allowed to do?
Join the armed forces in women's auxiliary services doing clerical and support jobs to free up men to fight.
92
What did women in the BDM have to do in regards to work during the war?
They had to serve in the forces for six-month and they could then chose whether they stayed or left.
93
When there were not enough members of women in the auxillary services what did the Nazis introduce?
Compulsory military service for women between 18 and 40.
94
How was the law to get women into military service enforced?
It wasn't rigously enforced, women could be excused for a number of reasons including ill health.
95
What was the role of women in the military like for women by 1944?
The shortage of men was so severe that women were being trained to operate anti aircraft guns and were sent to work in signal stations close to the front.
96
What was a confessional school?
A faith based school. In Germany these were mainly protestant, Catholic and Jewish.
97
What was education like in Germany pre WW1?
Some lander provided kingergarten care for an hour or so in the morning for children aged three to five. Education was compulsory from six to 14. Children of upper class parents went to fee paying schools. Working class children went to volksschule, schools with large classes (usually over 50,) which taught basic reading, writing and numeracy. Most were confessional school.
98
Why was social mobility difficult for children pre ww1?
Most working class children needed to work from 14, if not before as any education after the age of 14 was expensive. The education system supported the status quo with children from professional families entering the profession and etc.
99
What was the aim of the socalist government after ww1 to do with education?
They wanted a new, fairer education system of state schools with a mixed not confessional intake and no religious education.
100
What school did the first Weimar government introduce?
Grandschule for all children aged 6 to 10
101
What rules around school did the first Weimar government change?
It stopped clerical inspections of schools and said parents could remove their children from religious education.
102
Who agreed and who disagreed with the Weimar governments changes to education?
Usually the people living in the towns and cities of the northern lander agreed whilst those living in the rural south lander disagreed.
103
Why was education a significant political issue?
Most Germans felt strongly about it, some wanted religion taught, some did not. Others valued teaching religion not for its own sake but because it taught basic morality.
104
What were the education articles in the new constiusion?
They were a compromise as the various parties in the Reichstag could not agree. The popular center party fought to keep confessional schools and religion in the curriculum. The articles kept the compulsory grand Schule for all children aged 6 to 10, run by the lander but meeting the needs to of the parents locally.
105
What were common or simultaneous schools?
A school that took children of various faiths and gave them separate religious education.
106
What did the government say that Germany needed which led them to set up common or simultaneous schools whilst they were waiting for this?
A federal education law which gave the lander guidelines to work on while meeting the needs of families in their region.
107
Without this national law how did confessional schools run?
As private schools.
108
When did the reichstag try and fail to introduce a federal school law?
1921 and 1925
109
What bill was attempted to be passed through the Reichstag in 1927?
The bill proposed that confessional, common and secular schools could be set up on equal footing as long as they were requested of parents of at least 40 children. The bill could never be agreed upon.
110
How did schools remain throughout the Weimar period?
Diverse, as set up by the lander
111
In 1931 what was the make up of schools like across Germany?
There were 29,020 protestant schools, 15,256 catholic schools, 97 Jewish schools, 8921 common schools and 295 secular schools.
112
What was education like for children beyond the age of 10 in Weimar Germany?
It had to be paid for. They chose between a hauptschule, a realschule or a gymnasium. This meant that a childs career was decided by the age of 10. There was also a range of private schools with different systems.
113
What was a hauptschule?
Five years schooling leading pupils to go into an apprenticeship or trade.
114
What was a realschule?
Six years of schooling leading pupils to go into a business or technical training.
115
What was a gymansium?
Nine years of schooling leading pupils to go to university
116
What did students who wanted to go to university have to pass?
The abitur exam
117
What did a 1928 study of the fathers of university students show?
45% were civil servants, and 21% of these civil servants were university educated. Only 2.3% were working class.
118
What prevented the Weimar government from reforming the university system?
The Weimar constitutions principle of freedom of choice
119
What were corporations within university's?
University's had the own corporations which formed nationwide associations. The dueling corporations where differences were settled by a sword fight were popular with the sons of wealthy landowners. Non dueling corporations were seen as socially inferior. Some excluded people by race or social class for example the German Aryan chambers.
120
In 1928 what percent of students were members of a corperation?
56%
121
Why was membership in a corporation important for Germans?
The support or lack of it from those who had been in the same cooperation effected a persons career.
122
What were two influential cultural movements in the Weimar period?
Bauhaus and new objectivity
123
What was the Bauhaus movement?
It literally means architecture house and it was a design school set up in 1919. It saw the beauty in technology simple design and careful craftmanship. The name spread to a way of thinking and designing, not just the design school.
124
What was the new objectivity movement?
It grew out of the modern and expressionist movements that had developed just before the first world war. It meant a matter of fact representation of life. For example, showing the squalor of poverty in art, books and film.
125
What was art elite culture?
Artists, intellectuals and writers formed this group. They were the most experimental. At first, they favoured forward looking modernism or expressionism but they gave it a darker twist with the new objectivity movement. This effected art, music, literature, opera and theatre. The creativity was highly valued by some wealthy people who subsididised the arts.
126
What was government subsidized culture?
The government subsidized theatres, orchestras and libraries bringing culture to even quite small towns.
127
What was a draw back of government subsidised culture?
Subsidies were small as the government prioritised social welfare projects.
128
What was Ufa?
A goverment organised film consortium of the biggest film studies which made German movies including metropolis
129
What was metropolis?
The first full length film to have a science fiction subject and the most expensive movie made up to that point.
130
What was popular culture like in Weimar Germany?
Some people, especially the young in urban areas, were heavily influenced by US trends such as consumer culture, advertising and jazz. Traditional music and plays also still had a wide following. Cinema took of in the Weimar period.
131
What was cinema like in Germany?
The subjects of movies were often dark, for example the first vampire movie was made in Germany in 1922. Many believed that films should show real life, some hoping that it would spark social reform.
132
What was censorship like in Weimar Germany?
The Weimar constitution said that free speech was a right for all citizens. However the criminal code still had paragraph 19 which allowed the banning of obscene publications which had widely been applied pre war. However they were not strict which allowed expressionism to flourish.
133
What negative effect did the governments approach to expressionism have?
It allowed critics of both expressionism and the government to express their views forcefully.
134
Why were an increasing amount of people worried about Weimar culture?
They were worried about the decadence, the increasing number of influential Jewish writers, artists and musicians and the increasing Americanization of culture for example the way new women dressed and behaved and the popularity of jazz.
135
How did school types change under the Nazis?
The state school structure stayed in place but primary school education was abolished, fee paying secondary schools and university's remained only for pure Germans but they emphasized the importance of physical fitness.
136
How did corporations change under the Nazis?
They became the Nazi comradeship houses and students had to join the Nazi student union
137
What did the Nazis open on the 20th of April 1933?
Three National Political Education institutions, napolas
138
What were Three National Political Education institutions, napolas?
Free boarding schools to train an elite group of boys as government admistrators.
139
What league for teachers had the Nazis set up before they came to power?
In 1929 they had set up a national socalist teachers league.
140
How many members did the national socalist teachers league have in January 1933?
Just 6000
141
What happened to teachers in the law of April 1933?
Undesirable teachers were purged just as civil servants had been
142
What did a decree on the 24th of September 1924 give the Nazis the power to do?
Control appointments of teachers.
143
By 1937 what was it like for teachers?
It was almost impossible to get a job if they were not part of the Nazi union so 97% of teachers had joined/
144
What was the Nazi union for teachers like?
It ran courses that teachers had to attend to absorb the ideas they were expected to teach.
145
How did the Nazis view schools?
They saw them as important for indoctrinating children but they were anti intellectual.
146
Why did teaching become less popular as a profession?
Teachers were not shown respect by the administration or even their own pupils.
147
In 1938 how many new teachers qualified vs the vacancies?
2,500 teachers qualified whilst there were 8000 teaching vacancies.
148
How was Nazi changes to curriculums at first carried out?
They first varied from state to state, following general outlines, until 1935 where there was a stream of central directives.
149
How was sport changed in schools under the Nazis?
There was a significant increase in the amount done, filling about 15% of the curriculam.
150
How was history taught during the Nazis?
It was to focus on creating a volskgemeinschaft, a sense of nationhood.
151
What happened to textbooks during the Nazi period?
They were censored, some were burnt and others were simply mutliated.
152
Why were booklets printed in education?
To support the new curriculum, for example race studies.
153
How was biology studied under the Nazis?
It focused on race, eugenics and motherhood for girls.
154
What was maths like under the Nazis?
It had propaganda built in asking questions like how much money for marriage loans could be saved if they money for keeping the mentally ill in care was saved.
155
How was the Hitler youth divided?
There were seperate groups for boys and girls. They had groups for boys aged 6 then moved to a new one at 10 and joined the actual HItler youth aged 14 to 18.
156
What did the Hitler youth open in 1937?
Their school for future administrators, similar to the napolas but their physical training focus did not equip them for roles as adminstrators.
157
What was the youth groups like for girls?
They joined young girls at age 10, young women at aged 14 and moved to faith and beauty at aged 17 to 20.
158
What were taught at Nazi Youth groups?
Pamphlets were issued for leaders of meetings and summer camps the importance of having strong healthy babies, the unfairness of the treaty of Versailles and racial purity.
159
What were members of the Hitler youth expected to report on?
Anything their teachers or families did that was against Nazi teachings.
160
What was the Nazis approach to culture called?
Gleichschaltung
161
What does geichschaltung mean?
The policy of coordination, involving making sure that every aspect of life was controlled to meet the aims of Nazi policy from maternity care to torchlight parades from theatre performances to radio broadcasts.
162
What did Kulturager mean?
The Nazis believed that the Germans were the culture bearers of Europe who had been led estray by the over intellectual, Jewish led, corrupt culture of Weimar Germany.
163
What happened on the 10th of May 1933?
The burning of 25,000 books. Towns held these at various dates throughout 1933
164
What types of media was censored under the Nazis?
Textbooks and books written by famous foreign authors such as Ernest hemmingway or ones written by Jewish people. Art music and theatre by unacceptable people such as Jews or of unacceptable styles such as expressionist. Things with unacceptable messages such as pascifim or that were intellectual such as works of philosophy. Almost anything that encouraged individualism or discouraged conformity was unsound. Magazines news papers and radios were censored.
165
What are two examples of works that were banned?
Helen Kellers and all quiet on the western front
166
What did Geobbels set up to control creative arts?
Reichskulturkammer RKK
167
What were 4 ways that the nazis promoted acceptable culture?
1. Strength through joy trips 2. Sport 3. The calender of festivals and holidays 4. The Nazis encouraged images of huge building projects going on in the cities.
168
What type of strength through joy trips did the Nazis have?
They went to the theatre, opera, art gallery's and museums. The art exhibitions should people acceptable art and educated them on the type of art that they should dispise. For example the degenerate art exhibition in Munich.
169
What was the degenerate art exhibition in Munich?
The pictures had information boards explaining why the art was worthless and corrupt.
170
Where was acceptable art displayed that wasn't just in art gallery's?
Factories and other workplaces to saturate people witj images which conveyed Nazi propaganda
171
How did artists promote sports?
Artists, particularly sculptures, were encouraged to create art that showed strong healthy physically perfect ayrans
172
What is an example of one of the large scale sporting events the Nazis held?
The 1935 Olympics
173
Why were the Olympics a propaganda successes for the Nazis?
Germany won 89 medals, 33 of them gold winning the highest amount, the US was second with 56 medals. They did not even use all of their best athletes as they excluded Jewish athletes
174
How were holidays changed in the Nazi period?
They were rearranged to fit important dates in the Nazis history such as mothers day being placed on Hitlers birthday. They also contained parades where people were expected to watch and cheer which usually ended in propaganda speeches. In the large cities such as Berlin and munich some of these were increasingly militaristic after 1935
175
How were large scale public buildings in the Nazi era decorated?
With enormous flags that showed the swatstika
176
What are two examples of Nazi large scale building projects?
1. The sports complex and olympic village built specially for the 1936 Berlin Olympics which could hold upto 100,000 spectators and had a special stand for Hitler and his guests 2. The Nazi party rally grounds where Nazis held yearly rallies which drew not just Germans but foreign journalists. Many party members would also make long propaganda speeches
177
How had the idea of volk and German nationalism influenced German beliefs from 1871 onwards?
It meant that ethnic minorities such as Poles, Gypsies and Jews were not regarded as equal, especially by elite groups such as landowners and the army.
178
What were examples of other prejudices in Germany which weren't about ethnic minorities?
There was protestant v Catholics and prejudices against different regions.
179
What were things like for ethnic minorities before the first world war in Germany?
They were partially integrated with the Germans. For example, business men did business together and people interacted in daily life. There was a significant amount of inter marriage, especially in big cities. In 1915 about a third of all married Jews were married to non Jews. Ethnic minorities did however have their only exclusive clubs and associations whilst Germans had theirs.
180
How did treatment of ethnic minorities vary in the Weimar republic?
They were treated differently based on where they lived or who they were. They were mostly accepted.
181
How were ethnic minorities treated in work in Weimar Germany?
They received lower wages and were less likely to be hired then a German man.
182
What groups treated ethnic minorities better and worse in Weimar Germany?
Elite, conservative groups such as landowners and the army treated them worse whilst inner city liberals treated them better.
182
What is an example of a part of the constitution that promoted fair treatment of ethnic minorities?
Article 113 said that groups who spoke a different language could not be legally stopped from using this language or preserving their national identity in the way they ran their schools and daily lives.
183
What were the limitations of article 113?
It was a liberal law but did not control the laws made by lander against minorities.
184
How much of the German population did the Jewish people make up in 1918 and 1933?
It made up about 1% in 1918 and due to the falling birth rate about 0.76% in 1933
185
Where did many Jewish people in Germany live?
About 66.8% lived in cities, one third of them lived in Berlin which anti Semites called Jew Berlin.
186
How many Jewish people held cabinet positions in Weimar Germany?
Five
187
Who is an example of a Jewish cabinet member in Weimar Germany?
Walter Rathenau who became the first foreign minister in 1922.
188
What was the reaction to these Jewish appointments?
It led to crtitsicm of the government and Rathenau was assassinated shortly after his appointment.
189
What was the Weimar governments reaction to the assassination of Rathenau?
The government banned some anti Semitic organisastions such as the German peoples offensive and defensive alliance.
190
What was the German people offensive and defensive alliance?
It had 25,000 members in 1919 when it was formed and around 170,000 when it was disbanded in 1923. They said that the Jews had conspired with the allies and that is what caused Germany to lose the war. Many of the, joined the Nazis when their party disbanded.
191
What prejudices did many conservative judges have?
Many were anti Semitic and made racist remarks about their judgements. They were also anti communist.
192
How did the Jewish people in Weimar Germany attempt to fight the anti semistism?
Jewish organisastions such as the Reich federation of Jewish soldiers were set up to fight anti Semitism .
193
What did the reich federation of Jewish soldiers name stress?
The fact that many Jewish people had fought for Germany in the war. 85,000 Jewish men had fought and 12,000 had died.
194
What did the depression lead many people to turn to?
Extreme right or left winged groups, many of the right being extremely anti Semitic.
195
Why was it that gypsies were discrimated against despite article 113?
Largely because they moved around and so did not contribute to the country by working, paying taxes or becoming involved in life outside of their community.
196
What was the legislation like around gypsies?
There was n o federal legislation against gypsies however there were several lander such as Prussia and Bavaria that passed laws to try and control them which other states adopted.
197
What were laws around gypsies like in Bavaria?
In 1926, Bavaria passed a series of laws against gypsies, mostly controlling their movement aiming to get their children into schools and adults into work. Other states such as Hesse adopted these. In 1927, Bavaria said that all gypsies should carry identity cards.
198
Why was there issues around Polish people in Weimar Germany?
After the end of WW1, the border between Poland and Germany had been redrawn leaving people from each group on the wrong side of the border. In 1925, there were over 200,000 polish speakers in Germany and another 500,000 who spoke both polish and German who were integrated into German society. There was significant hostility towards the poles because they had fought Germany during the war.
199
How many polish people left Germany between 1925 and 1933?
About 30,000
200
Why did hostility towards black people rise after 1923?
The French army which had taken part in the occupation of the Ruhr had black units from French colonies. From 1923 on, about 500 mixed children were born as a result and were denounced as Germanys shame.
201
What were attitudes towards black people who weren't involved in the occupation like after 1923?
Many found that areas became more hostile after the occupation, though musicians and writers were accepted in the cities.
202
What began on the 1st of January 1934?
A compulsory sterilisastion programme.
203
How did the compulsory sterilisastion programme work?
Doctors and hospitals had to report those who they saw as unfit to breed with one of the hundreds of hereditary health courts set up across Germany. These decided who to sterilise. This was supposedly for hereditary defects but it extended to include Jews, Roma and Sinti, black and mixed race people. Almost all of this was done against peoples will.
204
How was the compulsory sterilisastion programme widened in June 1935?
To allow the abortion of the unfit.
205
How did the Nazis promote sterilisastion?
It was publicised in the press and at public meetings. It was taught in schools using pamphlets, books and films.
206
How many people is it estimated were sterelised between 1934 and 1935?
About 400,000
207
How many people are known to have died after the sterlisastion procedure?
About 5000, mostly women however it is not known how many died after leaving the clinics.
208
How did the Nazis use boycotts against Jewish people?
The first national boycott was on the first of April 1933, people still used these businesses but SA soldiers stood outside urging people not to enter, sometimes roughly. From then on, the Nazis organised boycotts all over Germany.
209
What were three things that the series of laws passed in April 1933 meant for Jewish people?
1. Restricted the number of Jewish university students. 2. Banned Jewish people from athletic and sporting groups 3. Stopped people with Jewish names from sending telegrams.
210
What had Jewish people been banned from working as by the end of 1933?
German newspapers or as financial advisers.
211
When were the Nuremburg race laws passed?
1935
212
What did the Nazis count as Jewish?
Anyone with three or four Jewish grandparents
213
What were 5 ways that the Nazis had discrimanted against the Jews even before the Nuremburg laws?
1. Regional governments had their own anti-Semitic laws. 2. A yellow star was placed on Jewish shops encouraging violence by the Hitler youth or SA. 3. Propaganda urged the idea of separation to prevent contamination, for example swimming pools were to be kept separate to keep Germans poor. 4. Large scale organised attacks of violence 5. Nazis using language to describe Jewish people in subhuman terms.
214
What were the points of the Nuremburg laws?
They banned marriage between Jews and non-Jewish Germans, criminalized sexual relations between them, and prohibited Jews from employing German women under the age of 45 as maids.
The Reich Citizenship Law was intended to define who the first law applied to. Only individuals of “German or kindred blood” could be citizens of Germany, and Jews, defined as a race, were deprived of German citizenship and relegated to the status of “subjects of the state.” This law defined a Jew as anyone with three or more Jewish-born grandparents, including converts to Christianity and children and grandchildren of such converts.
215
When was Kristallnacht?
9 November 1938
216
What happened at kristillnacht?
Nazis organized attacks on Jews across Germany. Over 260 synagogues were burned and Jewish owned homes and shops were attacked and looted. Over 20,000 Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps, some being released weeks later. Jews were them taxed a billion Reichsmark for the repairs that were never carried out.
217
How many Jewish people emigrated between 1933 and 39?
Over 450,000
218
How did the Nazis treat the Jews who emigrated?
They took a flight tax of 30 - 50 percent of their wealth
219
Why did emigration for Jewish people get harder as time went on?
Germans became less willing to let them go and other countries began setting quotas on the amount of Jewish people coming in.
220
What happened to the Austrian Jews when anchluss happened?
It placed the same restrictions that had been in place on German Jews on the 185,000 Austrian Jews. They introduced humiliating tasks for them such as scrubbing the streets on their knees to dehumanize the Jews more rapidly. They said the Jews could leave but only with a suitcase each.
221
How many Austrian jews were left by the outbreak of the second world war?
60,000
222
What was the official role of the einsatzgruppen during the invasion of Poland?
To root out polish political and resistance leaders and kill them.
223
What did the einsatzgruppen do to Jews during the war?
They murdered them in increasing numbers by shooting or for example, locking them in synagogues and setting them alight. Two million of the six million Jews murdered in the holocaust were einsatzgruppen victims
224
When did the law banning Jewish doctors from treating non jewish patients come in?
25 June 1938
225
What happened to Jewish businesses on the 3rd of December 1938?
All of them and shops were taken from Jewish people and ayranised
226
How were Jews restricted from going out in 1939?
From the 1st of September. Jews could not be out after 8pm in winter, 9pm in summer
227
What were Jews forbidden from owning from the 23rd of September 1939?
Radio sets
228
When was the first Jewish ghetto set up in Poland?
28 October 1939
229
What did all Jews in Poland have to do from the 23 November 1939?
Wear a star of david
230
When did all Jews over the age of 6 have to start wearing star of Davids?
11941
231
When was the authorization of the use of death camps?
20 January 1942 at the Wannsee conference
232
What were the ghettos for polish jews like?
The Nazis saw polish Jews as even worse then German Jews. They were deliberately badly over crowded and food and medical supplies were kept to a minimum.
233
Who else were sent to ghettos that weren't Jewish people?
Gypsies
233
How did the Nazis present the ghettos to the German people?
Nazi propaganda stressed that Jews were dirty and ridden with lice and flees. The strength through joy organisastion ran bus trips through the Lodz ghetto so they could see what a depraved race the Jewish people were.
234
What were the 6 Nazi death camps which were set up?
Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Majdenek and Auschwitz- Birkenau
