Aspects

Question 1

Early explanation

Answer 1

• Trepanning
• Electric eels
• Exorcism
• Bloodletting

Question 2

Trepanning

Answer 2

• Cut holes into an ill person’s head and torture them to force out evil spirits
• Used in China, Greece, Egypt etc.

Question 3

Electric eels

Answer 3

-Used to treat melancholy and epilepsy

Question 4

Exorcism

Answer 4

• In the middle age’s possession was believed to cause abnormal behaviours
• Starvation, isolation and burning at the stake was also used
• Still seen in western Africa, Asia and Haiti

Question 5

Bloodletting

Answer 5

-Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the four humours e.g. blood = sanguine

Question 6

Bedlam

Answer 6

• In 1247 Bedlam was founded as a hospital and became an institution for the insane in 1407 and public asylums were established in Britain (1812)
• Moral insanity (sinning) was seen as a mental illness in the middle ages
• In the early days there were no trained psychiatrists but lots of mad cure ideas
• Patients were subject to inhumane living conditions, often kept in chains, reports of murder, premature death and rape resulted in commissioners of lunacy being brought in to supervise and licence asylums
• Londoners could pay a penny to laugh at those in bedlam

Question 7

Somatogenic hypothesis

Answer 7

-Somatogenic hypothesis suggested that abnormality is caused by biological disorder e.g. syphilis is a brain disease which causes dementia and paralysis etc. This caused fostered the medical model and the rise of psychiatry

Question 8

Psychogenic hypothesis

Answer 8

-Freud’s psychogenic hypothesis suggests mental disorders are rooted in psychological processes

Question 9

Towards humane treatment

Answer 9

• Pinel introduced humane treatments in Paris
• Quaker movement focused on moral treatment and abandoned medical approaches to favour understanding, hope, moral responsibility and occupational therapy

Question 10

Psychopathology

Answer 10

-Rare behaviour is abnormal

Question 11

Situational context

Answer 11

-The social or environmental setting of a person’s behaviour

Question 12

Subject discomfort

Answer 12

-Emotional distress or pain

Question 13

Maladaptive:

Answer 13

-Not able to function within or adapt to the stresses and everyday demands of life

Question 14

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 14

-Normal and abnormal behaviours are products of behavioural shaping within the context of family, social group and culture

Question 15

Cultural relativity

Answer 15

-Consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behaviour takes place

Question 16

Culture bound syndromes

Answer 16

-Disorders only found in particular cultures e.g. anorexia in western cultures

Question 17

Criteria for abnormal behaviour

Answer 17

• Rare and goes against social norms
• Causes discomfort (emotional distress or pain), harms ability to function with the demands and stress of every day life or is dangerous to self or others.

Question 18

DSM

Answer 18

• Diagnostic and statistical manual of psychological disorders and symptoms including the typical progression and criteria for diagnosis used to label patients
• Advantages: aids diagnosis and explains conditions so professionals can communicate efficiently and ensure patients receive proper and effective treatment
• Disadvantage: creates social stigma and self stigma (prejudicial attitudes and discrimination due to the label they have been given leading to shame and poor treatment outcomes)

Question 19

Biological models

Answer 19

-Behaviour is explained by biological chemical, structural or genetic changes e.g. neurotransmitters, hormones and brain damage

Question 20

Psychodynamic model

Answer 20

-Abnormal behaviour is caused by repressed conflicts and urges id (instinctual needs), Ego (rational thinking) and super ego (moral standards)

Question 21

Behavioral model

Answer 21

-Little Albert study suggested abnormal behaviour is learnt through classical and operant conditioning. Helped develop behaviour therapy and modification therapies

Question 22

Cognitive models

Answer 22

-Abnormal behaviour is caused by irrational beliefs, dysfunctional thinking and processing biases which causes distortions in thinking e.g. magnification (See situations as worse that they are), All or nothing (Perfection or total failure), over-generalization (single negative event seen as never ending pattern) and minimization (Gives positives little or no importance)

Question 23

Humanists

Answer 23

• Everyone’s experience of emotion and sense of self is subjective and impacted by daily experiences and personal choice (Individuals can change their behaviour)
• Rogers client centred therapy gives clients empathy and unconditional positive regard to help them reach congruence of real and ideal self (expectation vs reality)

Question 24

Biopsychosocial

Answer 24

-Psychological disorders are influenced by biological (genetics, brain structure and neurotransmitters), psychological (response to stress and negative thinking) and social-cultural (Gender, ethnicity culture, poverty and prejudice) factors