Aspect - Campbell

Question 1

Perfect aspect

Answer 1

Perfect aspect can be compared to an aerial view of an event for example a parade; you can see it from beginning to the end from the air. “I walked down the street. A man talked to me.”

Question 2

Imperfect aspect

Answer 2

Imperfect aspect can be described as a close-up view of the event from within, as it unfolds, for example: watching a parade from the street. “I was walking down the street when a man began talking to me.”

Question 3

What is tense?

Answer 3

Tense normally refers to a particular timeframe.

Question 4

What is Aktionsart?

Answer 4

Aktionsart refers to the type of action for example punctiliar, iterative, ingression etc. It refers to how an action actually took place.

Question 5

Semantics

Answer 5

Semantics refers to the values that are encoded in the verbal form. Except for exceptional circumstances a semantic value is un-cancelable

Question 6

Lexical semantics

Answer 6

The range of meaning of a particular word.

Question 7

Pragmatics

Answer 7

Pragmatics are the expression of semantic values in context and in combination with other factors - the way language is used in context.

Question 8

Cancelability

Answer 8

A value is cancelable if it IS NOT expressed with EVERY use of a particular form. A value is uncancelable if it IS expressed with EVERY use of a particular form. Verbal semantic values are uncancelable while pragmatic values are cancelable

Question 9

Conative aktionsart

Answer 9

A verb depicts an attempt (but not accomplished) action. This may occur with imperfect tense-forms and any type of lexeme. Context indicates that the action was unsuccessfully attempted.

Question 10

Deicetic markers

Answer 10

Factors within text that indicate time, person, location etc. Temporal deixis is most relevant here and encompasses words such as “now,” “with,” “later,” “before, “yesterday,” etc. Narrative will often express temporal deixis without explicit markers since it is usually assume to be referring to the past

Question 11

Historical perfect

Answer 11

Historical perfect is a perfect tense-form that refers to the past.

Question 12

Historical present

Answer 12

Historical present is a present tense-form that refers to the past

Question 13

Imperfect aspect

Answer 13

The internal aspect/viewpoint. This depicts an action from the inside as though unfolding, without reference to the beginning or end of the action. It does not imply progression or incompleteness, though these Aktionsarten are naturally expressed with imperfective aspect in combination with other factors. The present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect tense-forms are imperfective in aspect.

Question 14

Ingressive Aktionsart

Answer 14

Ingressive Aktionsart is a verb depicting the beginning, and subsequent progression, of an action. This may occur with imperfect aspect and any non-punctillar/nonstative lexeme, when the context indicates a shift or new direction. Alternatively, this may occur with perfective aspect and stative lexeme.

Question 15

Intransitive lexeme

Answer 15

Intransitive lexeme is a lexeme that does not perform an action upon an object. It may actually take an object, but strictly speaking the action is not DONE to the object. The action maybe done with reference to someone or something.

Question 16

Iterative Aktionsart

Answer 16

Iterative Aktionsart - A verb depicts a repeated action. This may occur when imperfective aspect combines with an imperfect lexeme. Alternatively, the context may create an iterative action even if the lexeme is not punctiliar.

Question 17

Lexeme

Answer 17

A particular word, such as run, right, C, fly, etc.

Question 18

Perfective aspect

Answer 18

Perfect of aspect is the aspect/viewpoint. This depicts an action is undefined, in summary, and somewhat remote. It does not imply completion or come to punctiliarity, though these Aktionsarten are naturally expressed with perfective aspect in combination with other factors. The aorist and future a perfective in aspect.

Question 19

Proximity

Answer 19

The spatial quality of nearness. Used as a spatial replacement for present tense. Spatial proximity maybe expressed pragmatically through present temporal reference, or through logical intimacy (such as intensity or prominence).

Question 20

Punctiliar Aktionsart

Answer 20

Punctiliar Aktionsart - A verb to pick speak punctiliar action. This may occur with perfective aspect and a punctiliar lexeme.

Question 21

Remoteness

Answer 21

The special quality of distance. Used as a spatial replacement for past tense. Spatial remoteness may be expressed pragmatically through past temporal reference or through logical obliqueness (such as with negative conditions).

Question 22

Stative Aktionsart

Answer 22

Stative Aktionsart - A verb depicts a state. This may occur when imperfective aspect combines with a state of Lexi. Sometimes the context can create a stative Aktionsart even if the lexeme is not itself stative.

Question 23

Stative aspect

Answer 23

Stative aspect - refers either to the state of the subject (McKay) or “the situation” (Porter). The latter is roughly equivalent to the “present consequence” of the traditional rendering of the perfect as past action with present consequence. It does not, in my view, accommodate transitive verbs very well. Under my analysis, stativity is properly understood as an Aktionsart category rather than aspectual.

Question 24

Stative lexeme

Answer 24

stative lexeme - A type of and transitive lexeme that conveys a state of being.

Question 25

Summary Aktionsart

Answer 25

Summary Aktionsart - A verb depicts a process or action in summary. This may occur with perfective aspect in any type of lexeme that is not punctiliar or stative.

Question 26

Systemic linguistics

Answer 26

A school within functional linguistics, foundational especially to Porter’s analysis. This conceives language use as a series of choices made in opposition to other possible choices. a language, therefore, is a network of oppositions.

Question 27

Transitive lexeme

Answer 27

A lexeme that performs an action upon an object.

Question 28

What is verbal aspect?

Answer 28

Verbal aspect provides the viewpoint of the author or a speaker weather from the outside (perfect aspect) or inside (imperfect aspect).

It represents a subjective choice it does not affect what actually happened it reflects the way the person telling the story chooses to tell it.