ASL Interpreting Test 1 Flashcards
What happened in 100 AD?
A Roman philosopher documented paid (professional) interpreters.
What happened from 150-400 AD?
Roman Empire armies were required to bring interpreters when they went a conquering.
What Happened from 50-1500 AD?
Bible translations appear from Aramaic to Greek, to Latin, German and Old English.
What happened from 1919-1946?
After WWI, the League of Nations was formed from different European and Asian Countries
What happened in 1945?
The UN was created after WWII; political peace keeping and quasi governmental organization; simultaneous interpreting was substandard until 1971
What happened from 1945-1949?
Nuremberg Trials- modern conference interpreting was born
What happened in 1964?
Workshop on Interpreting for the Deaf June 14-17 at Ball State College, Indiana. The RID (Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf) was organized.
What happened in 1965?
California State University, Northridge created first interpreter training program (ITP)
What happened in 1966?
The National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) created an interpreter training program
What happened in 1969?
Saint Paul Technical Vocational School and NYU form interpreter training program
1972?
RID conducts first certification exams
Ongoing?
Title IV: Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Title IV does not mandate but regulates and allows for reimbursement of video relay services; FCC reports that VRS calls average two million minutes per month (2006)
1975?
Education of All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) Requires all disabled children to be educated in “the least restrictive environment,” begins widespread mainstreaming of Deaf children.
1977?
Bilingual, Hearing and Speech Impaired Court Interpreter Act: Federal Courts must appoint and pay for interpreters for Deaf persons in Federal Criminal and/or civil actions initiated by the government.
1990?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Reaffirmed PL 94-142, sustained needs for interpreters in main-streamed classrooms.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Expands Section 504’s powers; businesses with 15 or more employees must make “reasonable accommodations”, law says interpreters should “interpret effectively, accurately, and impartially…”
1998?
Telecommunications Accessibility Enhancement Act (TAEA): Federal government must provide relay calls to, from and within itself
What is Translation?
transferring meaning between languages in written or recorded texts. Can use reference materials to prepare, can edit and correct work until satisfied with outcome.
What is Interpreting?
Translating languages in real time between people or groups of people. No time to change or tweak things.
Discourse
language used in a particular context or interaction. Meaning filtered through personal experience, knowledge, attitudes, expectations, cultural factors. Differences in cultural background, gender, age of participants in a situation compounds the potential for different understandings of a message.
contextual factors of interpreting?
setting, purpose, participants, language code, audience adjustment, culture
CLAPPS
Setting?
Physical time and place of interaction. Can influence register.
Purpose?
why people are together. Influences topic, mood, feeling, turn-taking. Specific communication purpose(s)
Participants?
The way people talk reflects their ethnicity, gender, social class, education level, age, region, personality, role, status. Shows who the leader is, if the discussion is closed, etc.
Language Code
The particular language or dialect used and the modality of language: bilingual intermediary, unsure communication through an interpreter
Audience Adjustment
Adjusting speech style to match the receiver or to project a particular impression of themselves to an audience (friends family, partner, boss).
Code Switching
Deaf people adjust their signing style to match the language use of the people they are with, and the situation. Start with one language, switch and come back.
4 Ps
Participants, Place, Purpose, Point
Message Factors
How something is said is a crucial part of the meaning of what is said. Interpreters aim to communicate meaning and not just words: context and packaging
Content
Information or ideas that a speaker intends to convey
Denotative words
Meaning of words
Propositional Words
Meaning behind the words
Explicit Meaning
Stating info and intent directly
Implicit
Relying on the listener to pick up underlying meaning of the words in the context.
Paralinguistic Information
how the words are said. A listener understands message content based on comprehensibility of the speakers language , fluency, pace, and volume
Metanotative
Delivery contradicts the words
Register
Differences between speaking or signing style which change according to leve of formality, the familiarity between participants and use of special jargon
5 Registers
Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Informal, Intimate
Frozen Register
Text is always the same (i.e. Pledge of Allegiance, Lord’s Prayer)
Formal Register
One way monologue, authoritative, planned in advance, expertise (technical/jargon) Ex. Educator, Sermon, presenter
Consultative Register
One person is getting advice from an expert (interactive). Ex. Doctor, Boss, Marriage counsellor, parent/teacher conference, mental health providers, buying a car
Informal (Casual) Register
Typical conversations. Ex. coworker, family, friends, acquaintances, classmates, retail workers, roommate, groups of familiar people
Intimate Register
between people who know each other well. They get you, you have inside jokes, they finish your sentences, et. Ex. family, friends, BFF, partner
Interpreting Process Stages
Reception, analysis, conversion, Delivery, Evaluation.
Short-term Memory
develop to hold chunks of info for long enough to determine the meaning and convert into TL form
Long-term memory
Info is consolidated in LTM so it can be retrieved again later
What are the stakeholders of interpreting?
D/deaf, Hearing, Payers (Agency), Interpreters
What is a Profession?
You must be educated, there is a code of conduct, you get paid, you need credentials, and you work directly with people
What is a Trade?
You learn on the job, there are established protocols, it is hands on (you don’t work with people)
When was RID established?
1964
Why do we have RID?
it created a standard for interpreters and offered certification- pay and code of conduct for interpreters
What happened in 300 BC?
The Rosetta stone was made- 3 languages written on a stone. This showed that translating helped groups of people who knew different languages communicate.
1973?
Title V Section 504: Anything with federal funding must offer full access for Deaf people
1973?
Title V Section 504: Anything with federal funding must offer full access for Deaf people
