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Modern Southeast Asia > Asian Geography and Ethnography > Flashcards

Asian Geography and Ethnography Flashcards

1
Q

The year where the most intensive work in the underdeveloped countries of the world was done by “cultural anthropologists”.

A

WWII, 1940-1944

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2
Q

They described the structure of institutions and attitudes by which people lived, worked, and survived.

A

cultural anthropologists

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3
Q

After the war, it was the “___” who took the lead in studying the dynamic problems of underdevelopment, development, and planning for development.

A

economists

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4
Q

Described as a “Industrialized Country” or a “More economically developed country”.

A

Developed

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5
Q

Developed Countries in Asia

A

Bahrain
Cyprus
Israel Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Hong Kong
Macau
Brunei
Singapore

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6
Q

Described as countries who are less industrialized and have low per capita income levels.

A

Developing

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7
Q

Emerging and Developing Countries in Asia

A

China
India
Philippines
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Vietnam
Bhutan
Fiji Kiribati
Maldives
China

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8
Q

Described as a country characterized by chronic widespread poverty and less economic development than other nations. These countries have very low per capita income, and many residents live in very poor conditions, including lacking access to education, health care, and other social activities.

A

Underdeveloped

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9
Q

Underdeveloped Countries in Asia

A

Afghanistan
Nepal
Burma
Bangladesh
North Korea
Tajikistan
Cambodia
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Pakistan
Timor-Leste

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10
Q

Reasons for being categorized as “Underdeveloped Country”

A

Unemployment
Poor political system
Corruption
Lack of education
Power/Water shortage
Poor Health Care System
Inflation
Pollution
Terrorism
Low literacy rate
Unreliable Judiciary
Inefficient Law Enforcement
Poverty

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11
Q

The process of moving away from “underdevelopment”. Rising out of poverty. Movement of “upwards of an entire system (social, political, economic)”

A

Development

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12
Q

Described as a country that has numerous undesirable conditions for work and life. Outputs, incomes, and levels of living are low. Mode of production, attitudes, and behavioral patterns, are disadvantageous. There are unfavorable institutions ranging from the state level to those governing social and economic relations in the family and community.

A

Underdeveloped

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13
Q

The search for a rationally coordinated system of policy measures that can bring about development.

A

Planning for Development

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14
Q

2 Types of Development

A

Upward and Downward Development

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15
Q

The direction of greater desirability from the development point of view.

A

Upward Development

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16
Q

A movement that is undesirable for development.

A

Downward Development

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17
Q

The timeline of the Cold War

A

1947 to 1989

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18
Q

Global Politics was largely dominated by the competition between two rival alliance systems. One was led by the United States and advocated democracy and capitalism. The other revolved around the Soviet Union and was driven by communist principles.

A

Cold War

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19
Q

Although the US and the Soviet Union were allies during the Second World War, an intense ideological rivalry emerged between these two so-called superpowers in the ___.

A

late 1940s

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20
Q

The Cold War only ended once Soviet-led alliance system started to crumble in the ___.

A

late 1980s

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21
Q

By the ___ the Soviet Union had disintegrated and most of its allies, particularly in Eastern Europe, abandoned their communist policies and embarked on moves to adopt democratic and free market-oriented forms of government. As a result, the US emerged as the most powerful global state, a type of sole superpower.

A

early 1990s

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22
Q

Types of Nations formed after WWII

A

First World
Second World
Third World
Fourth World

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23
Q

A type of nation after WWII that consisted of US, Western Europe, and their allies.

A

First World

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24
Q

A type of nation after WWII and a term used during the Cold War for Industrial Socialist States that were under the influence of the Soviet Union – (Communist Bloc) that consisted of Soviet Union, China, Cuba, Eastern Europe, and their allies.

A

Second World

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25
Q

A type of nation after WWII who are the remaining nations which aligned with neither the US and the Soviet Union (ex. the ASEAN region).

A

Third World

26
Q

A type of nation after the WWII that refers to the most underdeveloped, poverty-stricken, and marginalized regions and populations of the world. Many inhabitants do not have political ties and are not often hunter-gatherers who live in nomadic communities or are part pf tribes.

A

Fourth World

27
Q

Problems faced by Asian Countries with the rise of Nationalism

A
  • How to consolidate and strengthen the newly created states after the collapse of the colonial power system.
  • How to make governments in the newly independent states stable and effective.
28
Q

The amount of Goods and Services regularly consumed by the average person.

A

Levels of Living

29
Q

Components of Living in Asia

A

Food and nutrition
Clothing
Housing
Sanitation and health
Educational facilities
Information and media
Energy and consumption
Transportation and Infrastructure

30
Q

Aspects of low levels of living

A

Insufficient food
Bad housing
Poor public and private hygiene and medical
Insufficient facilities for vocational care professional instruction and education
Low level of productivity and income
Low efficiency and labor

31
Q

General Aspects of Food

A

Low nutritional value
Often adulterated and far less variety than in the West
The monotony of the diet–cereals, starch roots, rice and wheat
Low consumption of meat–leads to anemia due to iron deficiency
Ignorance of the nutritional value of various foods and tastes
Poor methods of food preparation
Inadequacy of storage and transportation facilities
Food Security

32
Q

Problems that hindered the growth of the Food Sector

A

Lack of infrastructure for irrigation
Farm-to-market-roads
Corruption
Smuggling
Farmers access to capital
A comprehensive food security road

33
Q

Prolonged Pandemic Impact on Food Security

A

Supply crunch and high prices
Urban centers - higher population density
2020 - MM 23.3% (one out of four experienced hunger)
Urban poor - insecure jobs in the informal sector
Policy actions
Promote productivity growth while ensuring environmental sustainability

34
Q

Two types of Hunger

A

Moderate and Severe hunger

35
Q

A type of hunger described as “only once” “a few times”.

A

Moderate hunger

36
Q

A type of hunger described as “often” “always”.

A

Severe hunger

37
Q

The country determines the essential food the nation needs that buffer stock to mitigate supply shortages.

A

Food Security

38
Q

Only one set of clothing, which is seldom washed except in bathing.
Even underwear are luxury that people can ill afford.

A

Clothing

39
Q

Majority of the people live in poorly built, overcrowded, unsanitary, and scantily furnished homes lacking all the amenities.
Houses built of mud, which is easily eroded and not rainproof (India, Pakistan, Central Asia – arid climate).
Slum areas in large cities
Crowded and inadequately ventilated with poor sanitation facilities.

A

Housing

40
Q

Lack of water and sewerage facilities.
Disposal of human waste.

A

Sanitation

41
Q

Indian RM Awardee 2016 “For his moral prodigious skill in leading a grassroots movement to eradicate the degrading servitude of manual scavenging in India, reclaiming for the Dalits the human dignity that is their natural birthright”.

A

Bezwada Wilson

42
Q

The most barbaric, inhuman, caste-based practice in India. It is any task (for Dalits) that involves carrying, cleaning, or dealing with “human excreta” with only hand tools and bare hands.
Those people who clean dry latrines (toilets not connected to a disposal system), railway tracks, streets, septic tanks or sewers. This has been done in India for 3,000 years.

A

Manual Scavenging

43
Q

A national movement committed to the total eradication of scavenging and the liberation and rehabilitation of all.

A

Safai Kamarchari Andolan (SKA)

44
Q

Energy Consumption is below minimal standards compared to develop countries.

A

Little rural electrification

45
Q

Insufficient forms of transport and distribution brought about by wide regional inequalities (heavy concentration of transport facilities in the urbanized areas)

A

Transportation

46
Q

Major Obstacles to Economic Growth in relation to Inequality

A

Caste System
The color line
Ethnic Discrimination
Nepotism
General set of social and religious taboos

47
Q

A plan is essentially a political program that requires a sequence of clear-cut political decisions.

A

Planning Strategies

48
Q

The basic idea of ___ is that the State shall take an active, decisive role in the economy – by its own acts of enterprise and investment and by its various controls (inducements and restrictions).

A

economic planning

49
Q

Over the ___, the state shall initiate, spur, and steer economic development.

A

Private Sector

50
Q

An example of public policy measures that shall be rationally coordinated and the coordination be made explicit in the over-all plan for specified number of years ahead.

A

5-10 year plan

51
Q

State ___ should benefit the common people, concentrate on raising the levels of living of the poorest strata in the country and express the will of the nation as a whole.

A

economic planning

52
Q

People involved in planning strategies (General)

A

Politicians
Planners Administrators
Professionals
Industrialists
Businessmen

53
Q

Reasons for State Interventions through Planning

A

Rapid population increase is depressing levels of living and hampering development.
Scarcity of capital.
Lack of entrepreneurial talent and training in the private sector.
Disinclination of the wealthy to risk their funds in productive investment.
Tendency for large corporations to acquire extraordinary degree of monopoly or oligopoly.

54
Q

Reasons why State Planning is a means to reach National Consolidation

A

It will create an institutional structure to articulate government policies.
If planning will be successful, it will result to higher economic levels, and greater opportunities for the people.
It will be a symbol of national achievement.

55
Q

A system in which an executive is responsible to the people’s will, as expressed by the elections with universal suffrage, and independent judiciary, and the guarantee of a wide range of civil liberties.

A

Political Democracy

56
Q

The ideal of political democracy is closely related to the ideal of ___ and ___ equality.

A

social and economic

57
Q

Economic inequality is among the causes of ___. Thus a decrease in economic inequality should tend to bring about a decrease in ___, which would have a beneficial effect on economic development.

A

social inequality

58
Q

In the system of government, Asian Countries are ruled by compromises and accommodations within and between the upper class and the various groups that constitute the bulk of the upper class (including the middle class – part of the tiny upper class). It is the ___ that need to be aided if there is to be a real advance in equality.

A

lower classes

59
Q

Democratic Planning

A

It is held to mean that planning and the policies coordinated in the plans should enlist not only the support of the masses but also their active participation in preparing and implementing planning.
It is held to mean that this popular participation and cooperate should emerge voluntarily so that state policies can be carried out without regimentation or coercion.
The essential element is that people everywhere should cooperate in their common interest. It is only then that planning actually becomes democratic planning. The quest for “mass involvement” is the central tenet of democratic planning.

60
Q

Corruption

A

Thrives at all levels. Costs are not purely economic. They are also social and spiritual.
Is natural because of deeply ingrained institutions and attitudes carried over from colonial and pre-colonial times.
It is needed to oil the intricate machinery of business and politics.
Exists in both democratic and non-democratic societies in Asia.
General level of corruption is much higher in Asia than in Western developed countries or in Communist countries.
Is highly determined to any efforts to achieve modernization ideals.
Is a particularly destructive problem because it is so difficult to document.
Raises strong obstacles and inhibitions to development.
It decreases respect and allegiance to the government and its institutions.
It often promotes irrationality in planning and limits the horizons of plans.
They breed cynicism and disenchantment, sustaining a vicious cycle that has held Asian societies down.
Destroys the government.
Undermines government legitimacy-anger and unrest.
Broken promise– break the nation.
Destroys moral fabri-citizenry (youth).
Imparts devastation
Higher taxes for crimes committed by others.
Political storm owing to the swirl of lies.
Government hast the duty to “expunge” the core of corruption.
Lose their freedom; Endless web of lies

61
Q

Ways to Solve Corruption

A

Discretionary powers be decreased.
Pay of low-level civil servants be raised.
Salary reforms in the lower strata.
Strengthening of morals, particularly in higher strata.
Social and Economic status of civil servants be improved and made more secure.
The vigilance agencies (ex. Police Department) should be strengthened.
Laws and procedures should be changed so that positive action against corrupt officials could be pursued speedily and effectively.
Measures should be taken against those in the private sector who corrupt public servants.
Income tax reports and assessments be made public.
Practice of declaring public documents confidential, be limited.
Business enterprises be forbidden to make contributions to political parties.
Persons making bonafide complaints be protected.
Media (print, news, etc.) be prosecuted if they make allegations without supporting evidences.
Transforming customary bribes into legalized fees.

62
Q

Types of Corruption

A

Abuse of entrusted power for private gain; Private gain at the expense of public.
“Giving of bribes and taking of bribes.”
Greasing of the wheels of Extortion and blackmails
Monetary and favors
Key drivers in a “cycle of poverty”–richest become richer at the expense of the poorest.

Modern Southeast Asia (7 decks)

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