Ashley Flashcards
Prep for the exam
1
Q
Types of disabilities that include blindness and use an assistive device
A
Recognizable
2
Q
Types of disabilities that include deafness, reading and seizure disorders
A
Hidden
3
Q
Types of disabilities that include injury or surgery that has reduced a person’s mobility
A
Temporary
4
Q
Types of disabilities that include sight, hearing, mobility, and cognition?
A
Age-Related
5
Q
Which body parts have the most effect on web use?
A
Eyes, Ears, Hands, Brain
6
Q
Assistive technologies for the blind
A
Screen Readers
Refreshable Braille Devices
7
Q
Assistive technologies for low vision
A
Screen Enlargers Screen Readers Contrast Enhancers Color Change Settings Self-voicing Interfaces Alternative large print & digital versions
8
Q
Assistive technologies for colorblind
A
Color enhancement overlays or glasses
9
Q
Assistive technologies for the deaf
A
Captions
Transcripts
10
Q
Assistive technologies for motor & mobility disabilities
A
Head Wand Mouth Stick Alternative Keyboards Eye Gaze Tracking Voice Activation
11
Q
Assistive technologies for cognitive disabilities
A
Screen Readers
Screen Overlays
Augmentative Communication Aids
12
Q
What is the goal of assistive technologies?
A
To allow those with disabilities to live an independent life with freedom and independence.
13
Q
Which disability model relates to biological impairments?
A
Medical Model
14
Q
Which disability model relies on legal definitions for eligibilities - government financial benefits, employer disability accomodations, student accomodations?
A
Medical Model
15
Q
Medical Model of Disability strengths (3)
A
- Establishes that a biological condition creates a disadvantage
- Creates biological criteria to diagnose a person’s condition for doctors
- Clearly-defined set of criteria (from medical setting) helps inform government decisions
16
Q
Medical Model of Disability weaknesses (4)
A
- Omits the impacts of design decisions
- Labels and stigmatizes peple as “less than”
- People are denied needed benefits for not meeting medical requirements
- Adds inconvenient bureaucracy
17
Q
Which disability model points out that society creates disabiling conditions?
A
Social Model
18
Q
Which disability model provides a meaningful context for accessibility professionals?
A
Social Model
19
Q
Social Model of Disability strengths (3)
A
- Empowers people with disabilities
- Promotes inclusive design & empowers designers
- Makes society more welcoming and creating a better standard for all
20
Q
Social Model of Disability weakness
A
De-emphasizes the physical reality of a disability and discredits it as part of an identity
21
Q
Which disability model seeks to eradicate functional limitations through innovations in technology or methodology?
A
Functional Solutions Model
22
Q
Functional Solutions Model of Disability strengths (3)
A
- Focuses on benefitting those with disabilities
- Creates ideas to build accessible environments to improve the lives of people with disabilities
- Takes a real-world approach to finding solutions without focusing on political/theoretical questions
23
Q
Functional Solutions Model weaknesses (2)
A
- Innovation may not create the most useful solution to the broader problem
- Too focused on creating practical technological solutions - misses opportunities to address larger social context.
24
Q
Which disability model focuses on developing a sense of personal identity or culture through shared disability experiences?
A
Social Identity or Cultural Affiliation Model
25
Social Identity Model of disability strengths (2)
1. Self-Acceptance, Empowerment, helpful support network
| 2. Political Strength in numbers
26
Social Identity Model of disability weaknesses (2)
1. Difficult to create technical definitions of disability
| 2. Excludes people from society
27
Which disability model treats disabilities as unfortunate conditions that deserve special treatment?
Charity or Tragedy Model
28
Charity Model of disability strength
Can create empathy and inspiration in those without disabilities to assist
29
What is the weakness of the Tragedy Mode?
Encourages unequal relationships, slowing down progress for those with disabilities
30
List the 13 categories of disabilities
1. Blindness
2. Low Vision
3. Color Blindness
4. Deafblindness
5. Auditory Disabilities
6. Speech Disabilities
7. Cognitive Disabilities
8. Dyslexia/Reading Disabilities
9. Math Disabilities
10. Seizure Disorders
11. Psychological/Psychiatric Disabilities
12. Motor Disabilities
13. Multiple/Compound Disabilities
31
Name 3 causes of blindness
1. Diabetes
2. Stroke
3. Retinis Pigmentosa
32
How does the US define legal blindness?
Visual acuity: 20/200 with corrective lenses -or-
| Field of vision: 20 degrees in the eye with the best vision
33
Name 4 causes of low vision
1. Cataracts
2. Diabetic Retinopathy
3. Hemianopia
4. Retinal Detachment
34
How do you define low vision?
Cannot see well enough to drive or read most printed text without enlargement
35
How do you define color blindness?
The inability to distinguish between certain kinds of colors (of equal brightness or luminosity)
36
What is the most prevalent form of color blindness?
Red-green color-blindness (deuteranopia and protanopia)
37
What is it called when someone can only see colors in grayscale?
Acromatopsia
38
What are two common screen magnification tools?
ZoomText and MAGic
39
What tool does someone with deafblindness use to access the internet?
Refreshable Braille display in combination with a screen reader (keyboard supplement)
40
What assistive technologies do those with partial hearing use to communicate?
Hearing aids, lip reading, screen readers
41
What assistive technologies exist for those with a total loss of hearing?
Augmentative and alternative communication - sign language or communication boards
42
What does the lowercase spelling of deafness refer to?
The condition itself
43
What does the uppercase spelling of Deafness refer to?
Deaf culture or community
44
Why is a transcript not sufficient on its own for time-dependent audio and video files on the web?
It isn't synchronized - viewers can't line up the text with the video
45
What is the only type of text that is accessible and read by a screen reader?
Digital text
46
Name 4 examples of motor disabilities
1. ALS
2. Spinal Cord Injury
3. Cerebral Palsy
4. Born Without arms/hands
47
What is a motor disability?
A condition that impairs a person's physical movements
48
What are 4 assistive technologies/software for those with motor disabilities?
1. Vertical Keyboard with Mouth Stick
2. One-handed keyboard
3. Expanded keyboard with raised sections between keys
4. Dragon speech recognition software
49
What is the most common type of disability?
Cognitive
50
Name the 6 types of mental health disabilities?
1. Schizophrenia
2. Mood Disorder
3. Anxiety Disorder
4. Eating Disorder
5. Personality Disorder
6. Organic Brain Disorders (alzheimers)
51
Name 4 causes of cognitive disabilities?
1. Congenital conditions from birth
2. Developmental conditions
3. Infections
4. Chemical Imbalances
52
How can interface designers help those with cognitive disabilities?
Supplement text with images and other visuals
Create simple, predictable, organized designs
Ensure users are alerted to and can correct errors
Use simple-to-understand text
53
True or False - People with dyslexia have low levels of cognitive functioning at a conceptional level as well as encoding text.
False - Some have high levels of cognitive functioning.
54
What is math anxiety?
An emotional or psychological fear when confronted with math problems.
55
How do you define a speech disability?
Inability to produce/organize speech sounds and syllables correctly or with fluency. -or- a total loss of voice.
56
Causes of speech disabilities (5)
1. Learning Disabilities
2. Auditory Disabilities
3. Autism Spectrum Disorder
4. Traumatic Brain Injury
5. Cancer - Oral or Laryngeal
57
Most common speech disabilities (6)
1. Stuttering
2. Cluttering
3. Apraxia
4. Dysarthria
5. Speech Sound Disorders - Articulation, Phonemic
6. Muteness
58
A speech disability - rapid speech inconsistent in rhythm, syntax or grammar
Cluttering
59
Motor speech disability - difficulty using muscles for speech production to form sounds of words
Apraxia
60
Motor speech disability - due to brain damage causing slurred speech, mumbling or hoarse voice
Dysarthria
61
What are articulation speech disorders?
Difficulty in physically producing speech sounds.
| Sounds are omitted, added, substituted for other sounds, or distorted
62
What are phonemic speech disorders?
Difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds in languages. Only a few sounds may be used, thus affecting word meaning.
63
What are the types of AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) options?
1. Aided - Electric or non-electric tools (books, boards, pen) + the person's body
2. Unaided - Nonverbal communication (body language, facial expressions, gestures)
64
How do you define a seizure disorder?
Abnormal or erratic electrical impulses in the brain that interfere with processing information or, in some cases, control voluntary muscle movement.
65
True or False - All people with seizure disorders are sensitive to flashing lights.
False - Some are triggered by other conditions.
66
What are 5 causes of seizure disorder?
1. Dehydration
2. Sleep deprivation
3. Infections
4. Fevers
5. Drug overdoses/withdrawls
67
When designing for someone for seizure disorder, what is the max length of time that flashing lights can be used?
3 seconds
68
When is a psychological/psychiatric condition considered a disability?
When it impacts major life activities
69
Causes for Psychological/Psychiatric disabilities (4)
1. Trauma
2. Chemical Imbalances
3. Genetic Factors
4. Social Factors
70
Types of mood disorders (3)
1. Depression
2. Bipolar
3. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
71
Types of anxiety disorders (4)
1. Panic Disorder
2. Phobias
3. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
72
What do screen readers not announce?
Text styles - font, color, size, bold, italic
73
What elements can be used to help blind people when they are walking?
```
Walking canes
Service animals
GPS-based wakling instructions
Raised tiles on the ground
Eliminating low-hanging architectural features
Clear pathways
```
74
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help blind people when they cannot see signs or other text?
1. Map - geolocations on mobile apps can announce building details
2. Braille labels on key areas and rooms (as long as they are easy to find)
3. Tactile models of the floorplan or building exterior
75
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help blind people when they cannot see controls on flat interfaces?
1. Alt. interfaces with knobs/tactile controls
2. Audio interfaces
3. Remote control through mobile device
76
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help blind people when they cannot read text on containers or packaging?
Embossed braille or braille stickers
77
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help blind people when they cannot read money?
1. Mobile apps - photo the money and read it
2. Paper bills and coins could be made into distinguishable shapes
3. Non-cash systems with screen readers
78
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help blind people when they cannot read books or printed materials?
1. Optical character recognition software converts scanned images to a screen reader
2. Info can be placed online
79
How can interface designers account for users with low vision in text?
Choose color combinations with high enough contrast
80
How can interface designers account for users with colorbindness?
Design materials in a way that color does not convey important information
81
How can we help those with auditory disabilities to participate during speeches and talks?
Provide sign language interpretation, provide live captions on-screen during the speech
82
How can we help those with auditory disabilities to know when doorbells, alarms and other sounds are going off?
Provide alternative visual alerts, such as lights that flash, pulse, dim, turn on, or turn off
83
How can interface designers help those with motor disabilities?
1. Ensure digital content is accessible via keyboards
| 2. Alert users to session timeouts and provide a way to adjust the time limit
84
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help those with motor disabilities to get around steps?
1. Building entrances: accessible ramps and accessible parking
2. Ensure ramps and elevators are accessible
3. Ensure that accessible routes outside and within the building are labeled and clearly identifiable
85
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help those with motor disabilities to get through tight spaces?
1. Doors, hallways, rooms, restrooms should be wide enough for all
2. All corridors and routes should be unobstructed
86
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help those with motor disabilities that have difficulty using hands or arms?
1. Automatic doors with a large button
| 2. Equip doors with lever-type handles and doorknobs
87
What elements in the physical environment can be used to help those with motor disabilities that can't turn pages of printed materials?
Provide in a digital format and consider touch interfaces
88
How can interface designers help those with reading disabilities?
1. Use a special font developed for Dyslexia
2. Allow users to change the font, contrast or underlines
3. Extend timeouts and return to the same place on the page
4. Apply custom style sheets
5. Change problem presented for CAPTCHAS
89
What can those with Math/ICT disabilities do to help in interfaces?
1. Read data in data tables
2. Grant additional time to complete tasks
3. Use speech to text
4. Use an accessibility accomotation link of common equations
5. Use an on-screen calculator
90
What assistive technologoes can those with speech and multiple disabilities use?
Touch screens, alt. keyboards, single switch devices, eye-tracking, speech-generating software, word prediction software, symbol boards and languages, symbol software, translation software, text-based communication
91
How should interface designers design for speech and multiple disabilities?
Follow input design considerations for blindness, low vision, motor, auditory and cognitive disabilties as they may have mutiple disabilities
2. Provide text-based alternatives for voice - input
3. Present information in multiple formats
92
What are the causes of schizophrenia?
Unknown, but may be genetics and biology
93
What issues do people with schnzophrenia face?
Difficulty expressing themselves, attention and memory deficits, trouble controlling movement.
94
What are the two groups of schizophrenia?
1. Positive - hallucinations, delusions, voices
| 2. Negative - lack of motivation, dreary mood and isolating self from society
95
What issues do people with ADHD face?
Difficulty focusing, paying attention and controlling behavior, hyperactive
96
Whare are the causes of ADHD?
Unknown, but may be genetics and environmental factors
97
What are the 3 categories of ADHD?
1. Inattention - Difficulty focusing, processing new information, being distracted easily, daydreaming, difficulty organizing and completing a task, difficulty following instructions
2. Hyperactivity - continuous talking, running around, fidgeting, touching things, difficulty completing quiet tasks
3. Impulsivity - Experiences that are mostly impulsive involve lack of patience and waiting, shouting unsolicited remarks, difficultly controlling emotions, interrupting activities or conversations
98
What disorder does someone have when they persistently deviate from cultural expectations?
Personality disorder
99
Why are personality disorders pervasive and inflexible?
The person perceives his or her behavior as appropriate
100
What are the 2 common types of personality disorders?
1. Antisocial personality disorder - no regard for rights of others, fails to conform to social norms and laws, exhibits deceptive behaviors, lies and acts recklessly
2. Borderline personality disorder - long-term instability in mood, behaviors, relationships and self-image, lingering feelings of lonliness/boredom/anger, reacts to things with extreme panic to depression to rage. relationships are unstable and volatile. May abuse substance, exhibit self harm and suicide
101
What are eating disorders?
Mental disorders that cause sever concern over food an weight
102
What are the causes of eating disorders?
Unknown, but could be a combination of biological, genetic, social, and psychological factors
103
What are the 3 most common types of eating disorders?
1. Anorexia nervosa - eats very little food, low weight. Cut food into small pieces, excessively exercise, distorted perception of body image
2. Bulimia nervosa - eats a lot of food, then purces. Comits, uses laxatives or diuretics, excessively exercising or fasting
3. Compulsive/bings eating - eating a much larger amount of food in a shorter period of time than the normal amount. Feeling out of control when eating, eating faster than normal, eating when not hungry, eating more than 5,000 calories in a sitting. Self-disgust or depression
104
What does it mean to have multiple disabilities?
Does not disclose what disabilities are involved, how many disabilities, or the degree of each disability.
105
How can interface designers account for multiple/compound disabilities?
Provide support for both augmentative and alternative communication and assistive technologies, follow accessibility standards
106
How can you use "people first" language when describing someone who is disabled or blind?
"People with disabilities" and "People who are partially sighted or visually impaired"
107
Name a "people first" way to describe a disease or defect for someone with a disability?
Condition
108
How can you best talk to people with disabilities?
1. Maintain usual pitch, volume, and rhythm when speaking
2. Listen patiently, ask for clarification
3. Ensure the person who is deaf has a clear view of your face
4. Introduce yourself by name to a person who is blind
5. Speak directly to the person with the disability
109
Why should you always ask before helping someone with a disability?
They may be trying to see if they can do it themselves and it could throw them off balance
110
Should you ever interact or touch an assistive device?
No, it is considered their personal space
111
What are some ways that accessibility makes impossible things possible for those with a disability?
1. Access websites (banking, shopping, reading, etc.)
2. Access transportation systems (get to work, visit friends/family, eat, etc.)
3. Access architecture (enter and use public spaces including homes)
112
How can accessibility considerations help businesses?
1. Improves public perception
2. Increases compatibility (website)
3. Improves SEO
4. Increases customer base
5. Increases funding eligibility
6. Helps avoid lawsuits
113
What are the 4 web accessibility principles?
POUR
1. Perceivable
2. Operable
3. Understandable
4. Robust
114
Of the Web Accessibility Principles, what does Perceivable entail?
Available through sight, hearing, or touch
115
Of the Web Accessibility Principles, what does Operable entail?
Compatible with a keyboard or mouse (includes touchscreen and voice recognition)
116
Of the Web Accessibility Principles, what does Understandable entail?
User-friendly, easy to comprehend
117
Of the Web Accessibility Principles, what does Robust entail?
Works across browsers, assistive technologies, mobile devices, old devices/browsers, etc. Follows standards
118
Of the 5 senses, which are the only ones interface designers can account for?
Sight, Sound, Touch
119
How can you account for Perceivability in interface design?
Provide an acceptable alternative that works for their available sensory modalities - screen readers, color/text alternatives, captions/transcripts
120
How can you account for being Operable in interface design?
1. Ensure navigation and interactive components work across devices
2. Ensure users can get "in, within, through and out" of content
3. Use device-independent event handlers/scripts
4. Control focus
5. Don't force auto timeouts
6. Account for keyboard and mouse use
121
How can you account for being Understandable in interface design?
1. Make content understandable - language, simple reading/vocab levels, avoid complex terms and concepts, provide alt. formats
2. Consistent look and feel across items
3. Provide error prevention, correction and guidance (required fields, formatting, character limits)
4. Provide feedback with confirmation & error messages
122
How can you account for being Robust in interface design?
1. Use standard markup & validators
| 2. Use ARIA tags
123
What does ARIA stand for?
Accessible Rich Internet Applications
124
Define Universal Design
Create products & environments that the vast majority of people can use, taking into account natural physical diversity.
125
What does Universal Design include for interface design?
1. Images
2. Color
3. Contrast
4. Video & Audio
5. Links
6. Headings
7. Keyboard Accessibility
8. Tables
9. Forms
10. Dynamic JavaScript
11. PDF Documents
126
How can you use images in interface design in an accessible manner?
Provide short, meaningful alt text that serves as an effective replacement for the image for people who can't see it.
127
How can you use color in interface design in an accessible manner?
Don't rely on color alone to convey meaning. Always supplement color-code information with text explanations.
128
How can you use contrast in interface design in an accessible manner?
Ensure the contrast of the text against the background is sufficient to allow the text to be read easily.
129
How can you use video and audio in interface design in an accessible manner?
Deaf - text transcript, synchronized captions
| Blind - text transcript, synchronized audio descriptions
130
How can you use links in interface design in an accessible manner?
Ensure the link text clearly explains the destination or purpose of the link.
131
How can you use headings in interface design in an accessible manner?
Use headings to create a properly-structured outline of the page. This outline helps organize the content, and also improves navigation for screen reader users.
132
How can you implement keyboard accessibility in interface design in an accessible manner?
Ensure that all functionality is keyboard-accessible, that the tab order is logical, and that the focus indicator is always visible to sighted keyboard users.
133
How can you use tables in interface design in an accessible manner?
Associate data cells with header cells to allow screen reader users to navigate effectively within tables.
The header cells are marked with .
The scope of the header cells is defined as either row or col, for column.
134
How can you use forms in interface design in an accessible manner?
Every form element needs a label, and that label must be associated explicitly with the form element in the markup. Use a tag
135
How can you use dynamic JavaScript in interface design in an accessible manner?
Make dynamic JavaScript accessible by marking up the name, role, state, properties of elements appropriately with ARIA (and changing them dynamically if necessary), and by controlling keyboard focus.
136
How can you use PDF documents in interface design in an accessible manner?
To make a PDF document accessible, it must be in "tagged PDF" format, and must be edited for reading order, tab order, and other semantic and structural markup. Also provide an accessible alternative to the PDF document.
137
What are the 7 principles of Universal Design?
1. Equitable Use
2. Flexibility in Use
3. Simple & Intuitive Use
4. Perceptible Information
5. Tolerance for Error
6. Low Physical Effort
7. Size & Space for Approach & Use
138
What does it mean to design for equitable use?
- Design is useful and marketable to everyone, in the same manner
- Equivalent options provided for alt. uses
139
What does it mean to design for flexibility in use?
- Design has a variety of options for features
| - Adaptable to preferences & abilities
140
What does it mean to design for simple and intuitive use?
Purpose and usage is easy to understand regardless of background, language, experience
141
What does it mean to design for perceptible information?
- Product info communicated in a way perceivable to all
- Sensory abilities should not hinder receiving information
- Presented in different formats
142
What does it mean to design for tolerance for error?
- Design should reduce accidents/hazards
| - Anticipate unintentional actions in use
143
What does it mean to design for low physical effort?
- Requires little to no physical effort for use
| - Does not cause fatigue during or after use
144
What does it mean to design for size and space for approach and use?
Can be used regardless of physical build or abilities
145
What are assistive technologies?
Products, equipment, and systems that enhance learning, working, and daily living for persons with disabilities.
146
What percentage of the population has a disability?
20%
147
Why are statistics on disability hard to use across countries?
- Surveys don’t all use the same definition of disability
- collection methods vary
- countries are sometimes afraid to report accurate numbers to avoid shining an unfavorable light on the situation
148
How does age of a population relate to disabilities?
Higher ages mean higher level of diability
149
How does diability impact unemployment?
Tied to difficulty getting education, expense of disabilities, and discrimination
150
How do disabilities relate to poverty?
Disabilities can be both the cause and result of poverty
US - People are 2x as likely to live in poverty as the general population. 30% of those with disabilities live below the poverty line. Numbers increase increase in poorer countries
151
What are examples of good accessibility etiquette?
Refer to the person first followed by disability (Matt, who is blind)
Call things a disability/impairment instead of a defect
Consider kneeling or sitting when engaged in conversation of someone in a wheelchair
Maintain user pitch, volume and rhythm
Listen patiently
Ensure the person who is deaf/hard of hearing can see your face
Introduce yourself by name to someone who is blind
Speak directly to the person with the disability
Ask for permission before helping someone with a disability
Take account for individual preferences
152
What are examples of bad accessibility etiquette?
Use words like handicapped, wheelchair-bound, disease/defect, the blind, the deaf
Raise your voice, interrupt someone with speech impediments, hide your mouth, speak to a support worker instead of the person with the disability
Assume someone needs help
Pet service animals unless given consent
Touch someone’s assistive device
153
What is universal design for learning?
Universal Design for Learning (UDL) is an approach to designing curricula that eliminates barriers in the learning environment in order to improve educational experiences for all learners.
```
All aspects of learning are designed to be modified based on various learner needs. These components of learning design include
instructional goals and objectives
methods of instructional delivery
materials used for learning
assessments
```
154
What is usability?
Usability determines how easy a design’s user interface is to use and how functional a product or design is.
Key components of usability assess:
How easy it is for users to learn the basic tasks of the interface;
If users can perform those tasks quickly;
If users can recall performing those tasks after time away from the interface;
The number of errors, the severity of errors, and recovery from errors in the interface; and
If the design satisfies users.
155
What do usability and accessibility have in common?
Components for usability evaluation can also be applied to accessibility and UD
Create products that are easy and efficient to use.
Both accessible and universal design are concerned with addressing the needs of users beyond those considered to be "average" or “typical."
Accessibility increases the chances of more people being able to use a product or design regardless of their abilities, making it more usable
More overlap occurs between usability and accessibility when accessibility practices increase usability for everyone and usability increases accessibility.
156
What differs between usability, accessibility and universal design?
Accessible: Focused on those with disabilities
Universal Design: Focused on design for all people
Usability: Focused on a specified set of users
157
Myth: Accessibility benefits only a small minority
Truth: Accessibility Benefits a Wide Variety of People
| 20% of the population, anyone can get a disability and it helps others
158
Myth: Accessibility is a short-term project
Truth: Accessibility is an ongoing design requirement
There will always be accessibility needs, must be embedded into process, full time jobs, hiring with disabilities, HR involvement
159
Myth: Accessibility should be the last step
Truth: Designing for Accessibility is much easier than retrofitting for accessibility
Last-min approach leads to bad design/UX, A11Y can be difficult at this point, it might not get done at all, self-perpetuating cycle, systematic regret, legal liability
160
Myth: Accessibility is hard & expensive
Truth: Cost of accessibility is reasonable when compared to the cost of the alternative
Maintaining an accessible system is cost effective, lawsuits are expensive, negative publicity is expensive
161
Myth: Accessibility is ugly
Truth: Accessible websites can be stunningly beautiful or not
Ugliness is a myth, most a11y features are invisible, only a few touch visual exp: color contrasts, skip nav links, cognitive disability issues
162
What are civil rights laws?
emphasize equal rights for people with disabilities, often making it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities under certain defined conditions, such as employment, access to buildings, government services, or "places of public accommodation" such as restaurants, retail, entertainment, etc.
163
What is an example of a civil rights law?
The Americans with Disabilities Act
164
What are procurement laws?
require that accessibility be taken into account when making a purchase or when contracting for services.
165
What are examples of procurement laws?
Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act in the United States, and EN 301 549 in the European Union
166
What are industry specifc laws?
Sometimes an industry is so important to accessibility that the government writes a law just for that industry.
167
What are examples of industry specific laws?
Examples include telecommunications and airplane travel, both of which have accessibility-related laws in the United States, which are the 21st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act (CVAA) and the Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA), respectively.
168
What are the principles of Universal Design for Learning?
1. Multiple Means of Representation
2. Multiple Means of Action & Expression
3. Multiple Means of Engagement
