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Infectious Diseases 2 > Asfarviridae & Adenoviridae > Flashcards

Asfarviridae & Adenoviridae Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What does Asfarviridae stand for?

A 
African
Swine
Fever
And 
Related viruses
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2
Q

Describe Asfarviridae…

A
  • Only one virus species in the whole family
  • dsDNA
  • Cytoplasmic replication
  • Large and complex
  • Enveloped
  • Highly resistant to wide pH range (4-15)
  • Survives for months-years in refrigerated meat
  • Only DNA virus that is an arbovirus (transmitted by ticks)
  • Causes lethal haemorrhagic disease in pigs
  • List A OIE notifiable disease
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3
Q

What is an arbovirus?

A

Term used to refer to viruses that are transmitted by arthropods

  • need to replicate within the nucleus of these vector’s cells
    e. g. ticks
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4
Q

Is African Swine Fever notifiable in NZ?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Describe African Swine Fever…

A
  • Infects all members of the family Suidae
  • Highly contagious lethal disease of pigs
  • Asymptomatic in warthogs
  • Clinical and post mortem signs are indistinguishable from classical swine fever (totally different family and also has a vaccine)
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6
Q

How far has African Swine Fever spread in less than a decade?

A

Across western Russia

- worrying because Russia is so close to Europe

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7
Q

Describe the epizootiology of African Swine Fever…

A

It has two different epidemiological patterns - transferred by ticks

  • Sylvatic (circulates in wild animals only) cycle in wild african swine
  • Epidemic and endemic cycles in domestic swine
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8
Q

Describe the Sylvatic cycle of ASF…

A

The virus cycles between the hosts: Wild pigs, domestic pigs and ticks
- Need a suitable vector for the disease to become enzootic in an area

Sexual transmission within the ticks
- mother to eggs
- from one virus developmental stage to another
Tick population is 25% infected

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9
Q

What symptoms do wild pigs show when infected with ASF?

A

None

  • Asymptomatic
  • Persistent Infection in wild pigs and ticks
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10
Q

How are pigs initially infected with ASF?

A
  • Tick bites
    OR
  • Ingestion / inhalation of infected material
  • Feeding uncooked pig meat
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11
Q

How do infected pigs spread ASF?

A

They produce large amounts of virus in all body secretions and excretions

  • Spread by:
    • Aerosol
    • Direct contact
    • People
    • Vehicles
    • Other
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12
Q

If a pig recovers from ASF are they still infectious?

A

They remain carriers and shed the virus for their entire lives but don’t show clinical signs

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13
Q

What are the three forms of ASF clinical signs?

A
  1. Acute
  2. Subacute
  3. Chronic
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14
Q

What are ASF clinical signs?

A
  • Bloody diarrhoea
  • Hind leg paralysis
  • Huddling
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Purple decolourisation on rump
  • Staggering
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15
Q

What are some DDx for ASF?

A
  • Classical Swine Fever
  • Erysipelas
  • Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
  • Salmonellosis
  • Pasteurellosis
  • All Septicaemic conditions
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16
Q

What samples do you collect for lab diagnosis of ASF?

A
  • Tissues: spleen, kidney, liver, lymph nodes
  • Anticoagulated blood for virus isolation
  • Clotted blood for serology
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17
Q

How do you detect ASF or ASF components?

A
  • Virus isolation (blood, spleen, kidney, liver)
  • Fluorescent antibody test
  • PCR
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18
Q

What serology tests do you need to diagnose ASF?

A
  • Antiobodies to ASF appear 7-12 dots per inch
  • No neutralisation
  • No known cross-reactivity
  • ELISA
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19
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of ASF…

Study These Flashcards
A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with multiple haemorrhages in all tissues

  • ASF replicates in macrophages and monocytes
  • Modulation of signalling pathways in infected macrophages
    • expression of a number of viral immunomodulatory (capable of modifying immune functions) proteins
20
Q

Are neutralising antibodies made by pigs?

Study These Flashcards
A

No

- not even in pigs that survive

21
Q

Is there a vaccine available for ASF?

22
Q

How do you control ASF outbreaks?

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A
  • Difficult to control
  • No vaccine
  • Exclude wild pigs from domestic piggeries in enzootic areas
  • Use tick killers and disinfectants
  • Slaughter if spreads to unaffected country
  • Burn carcasses
23
Q

What are the risks of ASF to NZ?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Imported frozen pig meat
  • Imported live pigs
  • Swill from passenger air crafts
  • Ticks
  • Wild pigs
24
Q

Describe adenoviral replication…

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Replicate in the nucleus
  • Produce intranuclear inclusion bodies - crystalline arrays of virions
  • Virions release by cell lysis
  • “Bunch of Grapes” cytoplasmic effects
25
Describe the structure of Adenoviruses...
- Penton fibres project from icosahedral vertices - Each fibre has a terminal knob - These knobs stick together some mammalian RBCs - - can use haemagglutination test (HA)
26
What are some common properties of Adenoviruses?
- Resistant in the environment - Readily transmitted on fomites - Provoke strong humoral immune responses - Can persist for a long period - Widespread - Host Specific - Relatively non-pathogenic - Can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts - Some are oncogenic in rodents - Infect cells in respiratory and GI tracts
27
Where can adenoviruses persist for long periods?
- Pharyngeal lymphoid tissues - Kidney tubule cells - Intestinal cells
28
What are some diseases caused by adenoviruses?
- Canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 - Equine adenoviruses - Egg drop syndrome - Inclusion body hepatitis - Haemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys - Marble spleen disease of pheasants - Quail Bronchitis
29
What are the names for canine adenoviruses 1 and 2?
- - Infectious canine hepatitis (CAdV-1) | - - Respiratory Disease (CAdV-2)
30
Describe Canine Adenovirus 1...
Infectious canine hepatitis - Dogs (puppies espec) , foxes, wolves. coyotes, skunks, bears are susceptible - Acute hepatitis - Many subclinical infections occur
31
Describe the infection of CAdV-1...
- Infection by nasopharyngeal, oral or conjunctival routes - Local replication in tonsils or Peyer's patches - Spread to many tissues - Replication - Transmission - Excretion in faeces, saliva and urine - Endothelial cells cause haemorrhages - Parenchymal cells cause necrotic lesions
32
What is peracute CAdV-1 disease?
Death in 3-4 hours | No symptoms
33
What is acute CAdV-1?
- Incubation period of 4-9 days - Fever - Depression - Loss of appetite - Vomiting - Abdominal pain - Tachycardia - Leukopenia - Prolonged clotting time - DIC - Bloody Diarrhoea - Petechial haemorrhages on gums - Pale Mucous Membranes - May be Fatal
34
What is "blue eye"?
Corneal Opacity that develops in 25% of dogs with acute CAdV-1 - develops 7-10 days after apparent recovery - usually disappears spontaneously
35
What is the mortality rate in dogs with CAdV-1?
Puppies: 100% mortality Adults: 10-30% mortality
36
Do dogs that have recovered from CAdV-1 shed the virus?
Yes - for several months - especially in urine
37
How is CAdV-1 diagnosed?
- Clinical Signs - Clinical Pathology - Gross Pathology - Histopathology - Rising antibody titres - Virus Isolation - Viral Antigen in tissues - Viral DNA in PCR
38
What is CAdV-2 a contributing factor to?
Infectious canine laryngotracheitis (kennel cough)
39
Describe the vaccination against CAdV-1...
Inactivated vaccine | - Live attenuated no longer used because of complications
40
Describe the vaccination against CAdV-2...
Live Attenuated | - also protects against CAdV-1 (cross-protection) because their antigenic properties are similar
41
Describe Equine Adenoviruses....
- Most infections are asymptomatic - May contribute to equine respiratory disease - - fever, depression, nasal discharge, cough - - Self- limiting
42
What is SCID?
Severe combined immunodeficiency - Absence of both T and B cells - Destruction of cells in many tissues and multi-organ failure - Death at ~3 months old
43
What are the clinical features of acute ASF?
- Fever - Early leucopaenia and thrombocytopaenia - Reddening of skin extremities - Anorexia, listlessness, cyanosis, incoordination - Increased pulse and RR - Vomiting, diarrhoea and eye discharges - Death up to 20 days
44
What are the clinical features of subacute ASF?
- Less severe clinical signs - 5-30 duration - Abortion in pregnant sows - Death within 15-45 days - Low mortality rate
45
What are the clinical features of chronic ASF?
- Weightloss - Irregular peaks of temperature - Respiratory signs - Necrosis in areas of skin - Chronic skin ulcers - Arthritis - Pericarditis - Adhesions of lungs - Swelling over joints - Develops over 2-15 months - Low mortality

Infectious Diseases 2 (9 decks)

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