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biology: genetics (unit three) > Asexual Reproduction (lesson two) > Flashcards

Asexual Reproduction (lesson two) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

when does asexual reproduction occur?

A

This almost always occurs via cell division or mitosis

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1
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction in which a new individual is produced from a single parent by cell division

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2
Q

advantage to asexual reproduction

A
  • Parent organisms do not have to seek out a mate
  • Specialized mating behaviours are not required
  • No specialized anatomy is required
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3
Q

Budding

A

A new individual develops from an outgrowth on the body of an organism

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4
Q

In what way does Hydra reproduce?

A
  • Hydra reproduces the budding way
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5
Q

what happens to Hydra when the conditions are favourable

A
  • When the conditions are favourable the hydra grows one or more extensions on the side of their bodies
  • When they are large enough, these buds detach and live as a new genetically identical individual
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6
Q

what is fragmentation

A

Fragmentation is a process in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

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7
Q

what way does fungi develop?

A

all fungi develop the fragmentation way

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8
Q

how does fragmentation in fungi work?

A

Mushrooms grow small pieces, called spores, which break off and then develop into a new genetically identical mushroom

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9
Q

Growth stage

A
  • Also known as Interphase
  • Most of the cell’s life is spent in this stage
  • 3 parts - G1, S, G2
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10
Q

what are the three parts of the growth stage?

A
  • G1 phase is a cell growth phase
  • S phase is DNA replication/synthesis
  • G2 phase is another cell growth phase
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11
Q

Interphase

A
  1. Cell grows to nearly twice in size
  2. Nucleus makes a copy of its DNA
  3. Organelles are also replicated
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12
Q

Division stage

A
  • A much shorter stage
  • Two Parts:
    1. Mitosis: Division of the Nucleus
    2. Cytokinesis: Division of the Cytoplasm
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13
Q

Prophase

A
  1. Chromatin (DNA) condenses into chromosomes
  2. Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
  3. Spindle fibers form from the centrioles
  4. Nuclear membrane dissolves
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14
Q

Metaphase

A
  1. Spindle fibres attach to centromeres
  2. Chromosomes align along the equatorial plate
    - Equatorial plate is like the equator of the cell
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15
Q

Anaphase

A
  1. Spindle fibres shorten
  2. Centromere splits and pulls chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
16
Q

Telophase

A
  1. Chromosomes relax into chromatin
  2. Nuclear membrane reappears
    -Two new nuclei are formed
  3. Spindle fibres disappear
17
Q

Is cytokinesis a part of mitosis?

A

cytokinesis is not a true part of mitosis

18
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides
  • In animal cells, cleavage furrows are formed.
  • In plant cells, cell plates are formed
19
Q

Mitotic spindles

A

spindle fibres

20
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein over centromere that spindle fibres attach to

21
Q

Kinetochore microtubule

A

spindle fibres attached to kinetochore

22
Q

what happened on July 5th, 1996

A

On July 5th, 1996, the world’s most famous sheep, Dolly, was born

23
Q

who created the first clone?

A

Dr. Ian Wilmut

24
Q

cloning

A
  • An adult body cell from the sheep he wished to clone and an unfertilized egg cell from another donor was obtained
  • He then removed the nucleus from the egg cell and used an electric shock to fuse the adult body cell with the egg cell
  • The egg then began to divide and develop normally after implanted into a third sheep’s uterus
25
Q

how many attempts did it take to create dolly the sheep

A

277 attempts

26
Q

do clones live long?

A
  • clones still do not typically survive as long and commonly suffer from health complications
  • Dolly died prematurely of lung disease common in older sheep and also displayed premature ageing (ex. Arthritis)
27
Q

positives about cloning

A
  • Use to reproduce endangered species when captive breeding is not enough
28
Q

negatives about cloning

A
  • It may result in genetically vulnerable species (i.e. more susceptible to diseases, mutations, etc.)
  • Many people feel it is unnatural or unethical

biology: genetics (unit three) (11 decks)

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