Asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 1

What is Asexual reproduction?

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction is the process of creating offspring from just one parent. It is the simplest and most primitive method of reproduction that produces a clone of the parent. All prokaryotic and some eukaryotic organisms reproduce asexually. Asexual reproduction can be very rapid, but since each offspring is a clone of the parent there is little to no mutation making adaptation hard.

Question 2

What are the types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

1. Fission
2. Fragmentation
3. Budding
4. Vegetative reproduction
5. Agamogenisis
6. Parthenogenesis
7. Apomixis

Question 3

What is fission?

Answer 3

Occurs when a parent cell splits into two or more identical daughter cells of the same size. In binary fission, the parent cell splits into two daughter cells, and in multiple fission, the parent cell splits into multiple daughter cells.
Ex: Bacteria, Protists, Unicellular Fungi.

Question 4

What is fragmentation?

Answer 4

Occurs when a parent organism breaks into fragments or prices and each fragment develops into a new organism. Many of these organisms are also capable of sexual reproduction.
Ex: Starfish, some worms, Fungi, Lichens

Question 5

What is Budding?

Answer 5

Occurs when a parent cell forms a bubble-like bud. The bud stays attached to the parent cell where is grows and develops. When it is developed it breaks away from the parent cell to form a new organism.
Ex: Yeast and Hydra

Question 6

What is vegetative reproduction?

Answer 6

Occurs when individuals are formed without the production of speeds or spores.
Ex: Plants, Strawberry plants, etc.

Question 7

What is Agamogenisis?

Answer 7

Any form of reproduction that doesn’t involve a male.
Ex: Many plants and some animals

Question 8

What is Parethnogenisis

Answer 8

It is a form of asexual reproduction where the growth and development of embryos occur without fertilization.
Ex: Komodo dragon

Question 9

What is Apomixis?

Answer 9

It is asexual reproduction without fertilization in plants.

Question 10

What are vascular plants?

Answer 10

Plants that have Xylem and Phloem.

Question 11

How does the structure of a vascular plant (with seeds) help in its function?

Answer 11

A seed is a structure that contains a plant embryo and a supply of food inside a protective covering. A seed forms after fertilization.

Question 12

What are Gymnosperms?

Answer 12

They are vascular plants whose seeds aren’t surrounded by fruit. They don’t produce flowers. They are housed in cones.
Ex: Pine, Fir, Conifer

Question 13

What are angiosperms?

Answer 13

They are vascular plants whose seeds are enclosed or surrounded by fruit. They are flowering plants that form seeds in ovaries. As the seeds develop, the ovaries may develop into fruits. Ex: Rose, Corn
There are two types Monocots and Dicots.

Question 14

Difference between monocots and dicots.

Answer 14

Monocots
1. Have one Cotyledon
2. Have leaves with parallel veins
3. The Flower parts in three
4. The tissues are scattered

Dicots
1. Have two cotyledon
2. Leaves have a network-like structure/reticulate
3. Flower parts in fours or fives
4. Tissues are in rings.

Question 15

What are the parts of a flower and their function?

Answer 15

A flower has male and female reproductive structures.
1. The stamen is a male reproductive structure. It has a stalk-like filament that ends in the anther. The anther contains pollen sacs with pollen grains. The filament raises the anther up high for more chances of pollination.

2. The pistil is a female reproductive structure. It consists of stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is raised and sticky to catch pollen. The style supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary which has the eggs.
3. Sepals - protect developing flower while it is in the bud. Green color.
4. Petal - To attract pollinators

Question 16

How did flowering plants and their animal pollinators co-evolve?

Answer 16

Depending on the animal’s pollinator’s physical characteristics the plants evolved and adapted to become better suited for their roles in the symbiotic relationship. Examples include the hummingbird having a long beak and its commonly visited plant having a long narrow bill. The bat comes out at night, its commonly visited plant has white flowers that bloom at night.

Question 17

Describe the life cycle of angiosperms

Answer 17

1. Pollination - Transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma. Self-pollination, lands on the stigma of own plant. Cross-pollination, Lands on the stigma of other plants.
2. Fertilization - Once the pollen grain reaches the stigma a chemical signal is given out. The pollen then produces a tube that goes down the style into the ovary.
   The main pollen cell fuses with the female cell inside the ovule.
3. Formation of fruit - Ovule becomes seed after fertilization. The seed surrounded by the ovary wall develops into a fruit.
4. Seed dispersal - To ovoid and reduce competition seeds spread far from each other.

Question 18

What is internal fertilization?

Answer 18

Occurs in land-based animals. The offspring is inside the body. More parental care is received. 3 situations
1. Fertilized eggs are laid, and the embryo receives nourishment from the yolk.
2. Eggs retained inside, embryo nourished from egg yolk.
3. Eggs retained inside, embryo nourished from mothers blood through placenta

Question 19

What is external fertilization?

Answer 19

Occurs between aquatic animals. The process is called spawning. Less parental care. Nourishment from the environment. Situations:
1. Cues that cause males and females to release gametes at the same time.
2. Males induce the females the release eggs, and males release sperm.