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NCM101: HEALTH ASSESSMENT > ASESSMENT OF THE BREASTS & LYMPHATIC SYSTEM > Flashcards

ASESSMENT OF THE BREASTS & LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Portion of the body extending from the base of the neck superiorly to the level of the diaphragm inferiorly.

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2
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Contains the respiratory components, consisting of the mediastinum and the lungs.

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3
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A

The central area containing the trachea, bronchi, esophagus, heart, and great vessels.

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4
Q

What structures are contained within the thoracic cage?

A
  • 12 Ribs
  • 12 Vertebrae
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5
Q

What is dead space in the respiratory system?

A

No gas exchange is happening in the trachea and bronchi.

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6
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Inside the lungs and the alveoli.

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7
Q

At what anatomical landmark does the trachea begin?

A

At the cricoid cartilage.

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8
Q

What is the composition of the trachea?

A

Composed of hyaline cartilage that helps maintain shape and prevent collapse during respiration.

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9
Q

How do the right and left bronchi differ?

A
  • Right bronchi is shorter
  • Left bronchi is longer
  • Right bronchi is fatter and has a larger diameter
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10
Q

What is the apex of the lungs?

A

The peak or top of the lungs found a little bit above the clavicle.

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11
Q

What is the base of the lungs?

A

The level of the diaphragm.

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12
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes.

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13
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes.

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14
Q

Where should the right middle lobe be assessed?

A

Anteriorly.

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15
Q

What is the extent of lung sounds during assessment?

A
  • Heard anterior until the 6th rib
  • Heard laterally until the 8th rib
  • Heard posterior until the 10th rib
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16
Q

What happens to the lungs during inspiration?

A

The lungs extend until the 8th intercostal anteriorly and until the 12th intercostal posteriorly.

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17
Q

How should upper lobes be assessed?

A

Anteriorly or from the front.

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18
Q

How should lower lobes be assessed?

A

Posteriorly or from the back.

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19
Q

What are pleural membranes?

A

Thin double-layered serous membranes.

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20
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

The inflammation of the pleural membranes resulting in the pleural membranes rubbing together.

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21
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The mechanical act of breathing, done through expansion of the chest.

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22
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?

A

The diaphragm.

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23
Q

What occurs during expiration?

A

Relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm creates positive pressure in the lungs leading to passive outflow of air.

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24
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Difficulty of breathing.

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25
What is cardiac ischemia?
A condition when the heart muscles don't receive enough oxygen-rich blood due to reduced blood flow.
26
What is a common symptom of pleuritis in older clients?
Chest pain related to pleuritis may be absent.
27
What is the recommended position for a client during a thoracic examination?
Sitting with arms relaxed at the sides.
28
What does nasal flaring indicate?
Hypoxia.
29
What does pursed lip breathing indicate?
Physiologic response to help slow down expiration and keep alveoli open longer.
30
What does a ruddy to purple complexion indicate?
May be seen in clients with COPD or CHF as a result of polycythemia.
31
What is the normal angle between the nail base and skin?
160 degrees.
32
What does barrel chest indicate?
Increased anteroposterior diameter, often seen in emphysema.
33
What is the significance of a tripod position?
Indicates respiratory distress, engaging accessory muscles to optimize breathing.
34
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
10-20 breaths per minute.
35
What does tachypnea refer to?
More than 24 breaths per minute and shallow.
36
What does bradypnea refer to?
Less than 10 breaths per minute.
37
What is hyperventilation?
Increased rate and depth of breathing.
38
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
A regular pattern characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by periods of apnea.
39
What does fremitus refer to?
Vibrations of air in the bronchial tubes transmitted to the chest wall.
40
What does crepitus indicate?
Crackling sensations when air passes through fluid or exudate.
41
What is the significance of inspecting intercostal spaces?
Retraction indicates increased inspiratory effort; bulging indicates trapped air.
42
What is Fremitus?
Vibrations of air in the bronchial tubes transmitted to the chest wall. ## Footnote Fremitus can be assessed using the ball or ulnar side of the hand.
43
How should Fremitus be assessed?
Use the ball or ulnar side of your hand to assess fremitus. ## Footnote The ball of the hand is sensitive to vibratory sensations.
44
What is a normal finding for Fremitus as the examiner moves toward the base of the lungs?
Decrease in intensity of fremitus is normal. ## Footnote Fremitus should remain symmetric for bilateral positions.
45
What conditions increase Fremitus?
* Consolidation * Pneumonia * Atelectasis * Tumor ## Footnote These conditions lead to increased tissue density.
46
What conditions decrease Fremitus?
* Bronchial obstruction * Air trapping in emphysema * Pleural effusion * Pneumothorax ## Footnote Diminished fremitus may indicate obstruction of the tracheobronchial tree.
47
Define Crepitus.
Palpable or audible grating or crunching sensation produced by motion. ## Footnote Crepitus differs from fremitus in the nature of the sensation.
48
What is Tactile Fremitus?
Palpation of the chest wall to detect changes in the intensity of vibrations created with spoken words. ## Footnote It is assessed using a constant tone and voice.
49
What is Vocal Fremitus?
A vibration transmitted through the body that is heard using a stethoscope. ## Footnote This is part of the assessment of lung function.
50
What is Bronchophony?
Louder sound over an area of consolidation when the patient says '99'. ## Footnote Normal findings show soft, muffled voice transmission.
51
What indicates abnormal findings in Bronchophony?
Words are easily heard over areas of increased density. ## Footnote This is indicative of conditions like pneumonia or tumor.
52
What is Whispering Pectoriloquy?
Words heard clearly in the presence of consolidation when the patient whispers '1-2-3'. ## Footnote Normal findings show faint and muffled transmission.
53
What is Egophony?
'E' to 'A' change in sound perceived over areas of consolidation. ## Footnote Normal findings show soft and muffled transmission of 'E'.
54
What may cause increased Vocal Fremitus?
Increased tissue density due to consolidation. ## Footnote It may also be due to increased transmission of low-frequency sounds.
55
What may cause decreased Vocal Fremitus?
* Pleural effusion * Dislocation of lung parenchyma ## Footnote Fluid collects between the parietal and visceral pleura.
56
How do you assess Posterior Chest Expansion?
Place thumbs at T9 or T10 and assess breathing. ## Footnote Thumbs should move 5 to 10 cm apart symmetrically.
57
What conditions may cause unequal chest expansion?
* Severe atelectasis * Pneumonia * Chest trauma * Pneumothorax ## Footnote These conditions affect lung expansion mechanics.
58
What is the purpose of percussion in lung assessment?
To establish whether underlying tissues are air-filled, fluid-filled, or solid. ## Footnote Percussion helps identify areas of dullness or resonance.
59
What is Hyperresonance?
Presence of trapped air around the lungs that prohibits full expansion. ## Footnote It is often associated with emphysema or pneumothorax.
60
What should normal diaphragmatic excursion measure?
3-5 cm in adults, equal bilaterally. ## Footnote In well-conditioned clients, it can be up to 7 or 8 cm.
61
What may cause abnormal dullness during percussion?
Fluid or solid tissue replacing air in the lung. ## Footnote Conditions include lobar pneumonia, pleural effusion, or tumors.
62
What are the three types of normal breath sounds?
* Bronchial * Bronchovesicular * Vesicular ## Footnote Each type has distinct characteristics in pitch, quality, and duration.
63
What indicates diminished or absent breath sounds?
Little to no air moving in or out of the lung area. ## Footnote This may indicate obstructions due to various factors.
64
What are adventitious sounds?
Sounds added or superimposed over normal breath sounds. ## Footnote They include crackles and wheezes.
65
What are the characteristics of Fine Crackles?
High-pitched, short, popping sounds heard during inspiration. ## Footnote They are not cleared with coughing.
66
What are the characteristics of Wheezes?
Musical and continuous sounds, primarily during expiration. ## Footnote They indicate constricted passages due to various causes.
67
What is Stridor?
A harsh, honking wheeze with severe broncholaryngospasm. ## Footnote It is often associated with conditions like croup.

NCM101: HEALTH ASSESSMENT (1 decks)

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