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NURSING > ASEPSIS > Flashcards

ASEPSIS Flashcards

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1
Q

Given diseases for contact precautions

A

C. diff; MRSA; scabies; Hep A; shigella; impetigo

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2
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

An agent that kills a pathogen other than spores.

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3
Q

The inflammatory response is another type of nonspecific defense name it’s 5 characteristics

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Redness
  4. Warmth
  5. Impaired function of the part if severely injured.
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4
Q

What is a susceptible host?

A

Someone at risk for infection

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5
Q

Name the 3 major types of T-cells

A
  1. Helper T-cells (helps with the function of immune system)
  2. Cytotoxic T-cells (attack and kill microorganisms)
  3. Suppressor T-cells (stops helper-T and cytotoxic T-cells from working)
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6
Q

PEP for Hep C

A

Anti-HCV and ALT at baseline and 4-6 mo after exposure

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7
Q

What’s the 1st stage of the inflammatory response ?

A

Vascular and cellular response

• The blood vessels at site of injury constricts resulting in a release of histamine which then causes dilation of smaller blood vessels, which then causes more blood flow to the area. This is characterized by signs or redness and heat. Vascular permeability increases at the site. Fluid, proteins and leukocytes leak into interstitial spaces. This is characterized by swelling and pain. Pain is caused from the accumulating fluid against the nerve endings.

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8
Q

List the 6 links to chain of infection

A
  1. RESERVOIR (where it lives)
  2. MODE OF TRANSMISSION (how it will be transferred)
  3. PORTAL OF EXIT (nose or mouth, anus, open wound)
  4. ETIOLOGIC AGENT (The microorganism “culprit”)
  5. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST (the victim)
  6. PORTAL OF ENTRY (where it enters)
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9
Q

What is occupational exposure?

A

Skin, eye, mucous membrane or parenteral contact with blood or other infectious material.

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10
Q

What is sterilization?

A

A process that destroys “ALL” microorganisms including spores and viruses.

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11
Q

Give diseases for airborne precaution

A

Measles (rubeola), varicella (including disseminated zoster), and TB.

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12
Q

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is?

A

Publishes and enforces regulations to protect healthcare workers from occupation injuries.

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13
Q

Give diseases for droplet precautions

A

Diphtheria (pharyngeal), mycoplasma pneumonia, pertussis; mumps; rubella; streptococcal pharyngitis; pneumonia or scarlet fever in infants; and pneumonic plague, N. meningitidis

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of specific defenses?

A
  1. Antibody-mediated “B” (humoral)- Responds against extracellular phases of bacterial and viral infections
  2. Cell mediated “T (cellular)- When exposed to antigen the lymphoid tissue releases large amounts of activated T-cells into the lymph system
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15
Q

What to do if PEP for HIV negative?

A

Discontinue PEP

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16
Q

Types of reservoirs

A
  • Humans, animals, plants, food, water, feces, environment

* “CARRIER” Person or animal carries without clinical signs of disease.

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17
Q

PEP for Hep B

A

Anti-HBs testing after last vaccine dose

HBIG and/or Hep B vac within 1-7 days post-exposure

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18
Q

Name 6 ways to reduce a person’s susceptibility for infection

A
  1. Hygiene (flossing, bathing, shampooing)
  2. Nutrition
  3. Fluids
  4. Sleep
  5. Stress
  6. Immunizations
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19
Q

Name the 3 types of transmission based precautions

A
  1. Airborne
  2. Droplet
  3. Contact
20
Q

What are the signs of systemic infections?

A
  • Febrile
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnea
  • Malaise (Loss of energy)
  • Anorexia, N/V
  • Swollen lymphnodes
21
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

An agent that stops the growth of some microorganisms.

22
Q

Name the 4 methods of sterilization

A
  1. Moist heat (autoclave)- Temp is greater than boiling point.
  2. Gas (ethylene oxide) destroys microorganism by interfering with their metabolic process– great against spores.
  3. Boiling water- Recommend a minimum of 15 min. The most practical and inexpensive method.
  4. Radiation
    - Ionizing (alpha, beta, x-ray) used for food, drug, heat sensitive items.
    - Nonionizing (UV)
23
Q

List 4 types of microorganisms

A

BACTERIA- common cause for infection. •Found in water, air, food, soil and body tissue

VIRUS- requires to duplicate within a cell

FUNGI- yeast and mold

PARASITE- requires a host to survive (i.e. Protozoa pods “mites,fleas,ticks”)

24
Q

Pneumococcal vaccine is given every?

A

5+ years

25
Q

Name 3 types of injurious agents and give an example(s) of each

A
  1. Physical
    • Excessive heat/cold or radiation.
  2. Chemical
    • External irritants- strong acids/alkali, poisons
    • Internal irritants- increased HCL- of stomach
  3. Microorganisms
    • Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites
26
Q

How frequent should you get an HIV antibody test after exposure?

A

6 weeks, 3 mo, and 6 mo.

27
Q

At 2 months and older a baby may get what vaccinations?

A

Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis

28
Q

What is Post Exposure Protocol (PEP) for HIV?

A

Tx started immediately after exposure. IF started a week after then person is considered high risk.

For a high+increased risk- 3 drug tx recommended
For a low risk- 2 drug tx recommended

Continues for 4 weeks

29
Q

Who is a compromised host?

A

A person who has an increased risk for infection. (i.e. Baby or elderly, chemo patients, HIV/AIDS patient)

30
Q

What’s the 3rd stage to the inflammatory response?

A

Repair of injured tissues by regeneration (replacement of destroyed tissue cells by identical or similar in structure and function).

31
Q

What are the signs indicated in the lab values of an infection?

A
  • Increased leukocyte count (4500 to 11K/mL3 is normal)
  • Increase/decrease of certain WBCs
  • Elevated ESR
  • C+S of blood, urine, sputum or other drainage
32
Q

When would you use antimicrobial soap?

A
  • ICU
  • Special care units
  • Nurseries
  • Caring for immunocompromised
  • Mx resistant bacteria
  • After invasive surgeries
33
Q

Hep B immunization can be given when?

A

After a baby is born

34
Q

What is a nonspecific defense and list a few examples?

A

It’s our natural body’s defense mechanisms/barriers against infections.

Examples include: lungs have alveolar macrophages; nares traps dirt/particles within the moist mucosal membrane and cilia; eyes uses tear productions to rid of irritant.

35
Q

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

A

BACTERIOSTATIC “prevents” the growth and “reproduction” of some bacteria. Whereas BACTERICIDAL “destroys” bacteria

36
Q

What are the 2 types of humoral immunity?

A
  1. Active
    - Body produces antibodies in response to “natural” antigen (i.e. infectious organism) or “artificial” (i.e., vaccine- stimulates antibody production)
  2. Passive (acquired)
    - Receive from another source. “natural” (i.e., breast milk) “artificial” (i.e., injection of immune serum)
37
Q

National Institute For Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is?

A

Publishes recommendations for preventing workplace illness and injuries (i.e., needlestick injuries)

38
Q

What is the 2 tier approach for infection prevention precautions?

A
  1. Standard or universal precaution
  2. Isolation
    - Category specific isolation (i.e., strict, contact, respiratory, TB, enteric, drainage/secretions, blood/body fluids
    - Disease specific (i.e., private rooms with special ventilation, sharing of room with someone with same organism)
39
Q

What’s the 2nd stage to the inflammatory response?

A

Exudate is produced, consisting of fluid that escaped from the blood vessels, dead phagocytic cells and dead tissue cells and products that they release.

40
Q

Standard precautions is used in all care and includes…

A
  1. Hand hygiene
  2. PPE (gloves, gowns, eyewear, and masks)
  3. Injection
  4. Potential contaminated equipment
  5. Resp/cough etiquette
41
Q

1 infection prevention?

A

Hand washing.

Recommended to wash vigorously for 15-20 sec.

42
Q

Name 3 modes of transmissions

A
  1. DIRECT- Person-to-person, biting, kissing, intercourse. Sneezing, coughing.
  2. INDIRECT-
    A. Vehicle borne- any substance that serves as an intermediate transport
    • fomites (inanimate objects, toys, cutting board, utensils)
    • Water, food, blood and plasma
    B. Vector borne transmission- An animal, flying/crawling insect (mosquito)
  3. AIRBORNE-
    • Droplet (TB), dust (C. Diff in soil “dust particles”)
43
Q

Name the 7 factors that increases a persons susceptibility to an infection

A
  1. Newborns to the elderly
  2. Heredity
  3. Stress
    - Increase of cortisol levels decreases inflammatory response and depeletes energy storage which leads to exhaustion.
  4. Malnourished
  5. Medical therapies
  6. Medications
  7. Diseases
    - COPD (impairs ciliary action and weakens mucous membranes) PVD (restricts blood flow)
44
Q

What’s the duration of active immunity?

A

Natural is lifelong and artificial last for many years and may require boosters.

45
Q

What’s the duration of passive (acquired) immunity?

A

Natural is 6 months to 1 year and artificial may last from 2-3 weeks.

NURSING (2 decks)

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