Asepis, Drug Admin, And Perf. Equip Flashcards
Any breach in the implementation of infection control protocol may end in serious consequences, maybe death, true or false?
Truth!
Anyone with a health problem is more susceptible to infections than healthy people, true or false?
True
All micro organisms are pathogen’s, true or false?
False. Only a small percentage of micro organisms are pathogens
________ is the study of micro organisms
Microbiology
__________ are pathogen’s that are present on the skin, oral, and upper respiratory tract, G.I. tract, your riddle genital tract, and conjunctiva without normally causing a disease – as long as they are confined to their usual environment.
Normal flora
Viruses look like a pencil or like spiked golf balls, true or false
True
What are the four major groups of pathogen’s?
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites
Give an example of bacteria that produces spores to protect itself
C-Diff
Viruses may only be seen by using an electronic microscope, true or false
True. Viruses are tiny
Staphylococci are spiral shaped, true or false
False – staphylococci are clusters
Mention an example where the virus is capable of altering the host cells’ chromosomes, leading to the development of malignancy
Hpv
Hep B/C
Viruses either contain DNA or RNA, true or false?
True- viruses contain either DNA or RNA -never both. Bacteria may contain both
A person who has a pathogen’s without symptoms and signs of the infection is called
A carrier
Mention four examples of pathogen’s that are considered part of the normal flora
E. coli
Candida
Strep B
Staph
Which part of the virus is considered the viruses brain and that protects its nucleic acids
The capsid
Multiplication of viruses in the host cells depends on the hosts health, true or false
True
Why do we need to be vaccinated every year for influenza?
Influenza has the ability to rapidly change nucleic acid components and mutate – hence rendering one years vaccine incapable of protecting against the virus the following year
Viruses are intracellular parasites, true or false
True – gross!
Bacteria spores have thick walls and can resist high temperatures, humidity, chemical and physical agents, so highly resistant to external environment – true or false?
True
Why is classifying bacteria into Graham negative and Graham positive so important for the physician?
By identifying the bacteria, it helps identify how best to address the infection and which antibiotics to use
Which one of these diseases or pathogen's is continued bacterial, viral, mycotic, parasitic, or worm? Tuberculosis Askaris Flu Toxoplasmosis Diphtheria Zona Ecchinococcosis AIDS Staphylococcus wound infection, typhoid fever aspergillosis Common cold Shigella Candidatis Giardatis Herpes Syphilis Limes disease Trichomoniasis Malaria Measles E. coli Chickenpox Salmonella Tanea Hepatitis Schistosomaisis Mumps Pneumonia due to pneumonia compass Cystitis Shingles Histoplasmosis HPV Amebiasis Conjunctivitis
Tuberculosis- B Askaris- parasitic worm Flu- Viral Toxoplasmosis- P Diphtheria- B Zona-V Ecchinococcosis-B AIDS -V Staphylococcus wound infection- B typhoid fever- B aspergillosis- M Common cold- V Shigella- B Candidatis- M Giardatis- P Herpes-V Syphilis - B Limes disease- B Trichomoniasis- protozoa parasite Malaria- Plasmodium Patasites Measles- V E. coli- Bacteria Chickenpox- V Salmonella- B Tinea- My Hepatitis- V Schistosomiasis- Worms!!!!!! Mumps- V Pneumonia due to pneumonia compass Cystitis-B Shingles- V Histoplasmosis- Mycotic HPV- V Amebiasis- protoza parasites Conjunctivitis- B
Viruses are the smallest type of pathogen’s, true or false
True
Lyme disease is caused by bacilli shaped bacteria, true or false?
False. It is caused by spiral shaped bacteria.
Chlamydia infection is a sexually transmitted disease, true or false
True.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease, true or false
True it is a sexually-transmitted parasite – gross!
Hepatitis A is spread by drinking water that is contaminated by Ross sewage, or by eating contaminated food that was not cooked properly, we’re putting something in the mouth that has been infected with the virus, or oral contact with a partner infected with the virus true or false
True
Hepatitis B can spread through contact with body fluids of an infected person such as blood, true or false
True
Hepatitis B can be spread through contaminated food or drink, true or false?
False hep A is spread through contaminated food or drink, not hep B
Which pathogen is considered the most common opportunistic infection in persons with HIV infection?
What is pneumocystis Carini- a mycotic pnemonia
Temporary protection against hepatitis A if someone is traveling to an area that is endemic for hepatitis A is given by ______ (PAI)However, ______is more effective in preventing the disease (active immunity)
Anti-bodies
Vaccine
Infants born to mothers infected with chlamydia may develop______ or _______.
Eye infections or pneumonia
What are the two types of toxins some bacteria produce, and which one has more serious effects on the body?
Bacteria may produce both Endo and exotoxins. Endotoxins lead to toxic shock and are the more serious effect. Endotoxins are produced by Graham negative bacteria. Typically, gram-positive bacteria produce exotoxins.
Exotoxins are usually produced by Graham negative bacteria, true or false
False – exotoxins are typically produced by gram-positive bacteria
Endotoxins can cause __________.
Septic shock
Carriers of hepatitis B can develop ______which leads to _____and______
Chronic liver disease
Sclerosis
Cancer
The most common cause for the healthcare worker to get infected with hepatitis B is______
Blood exposure (typically via needle stick.)
Carriers of hepatitis B cannot transmit disease to their sexual partners, true or false
False – carriers can most certainly transmit hepatitis B to their sexual partners
Varicella zoster virus causes____ in children and ______in adults
Chickenpox
Zona
Shingles cannot spread from one person to another, but if someone who is not immune gets in contact with the blisters, he or she will develop chickenpox true or false
True
A pregnant mother can pass the hepatitis B virus to her baby, true or false?
True
Mention all of the portals of entry and exit for micro organisms
Mouth Eyes Nose G.I. tract Genitals Abrasions on skin Punctures
In most cases, hepatitis a is not serious, true or false?
True
What are the three groups of micro organisms that have characteristics that resemble both bacteria and viruses?
Chlamydia, Rickettsiae mycoplasmas
Bacteria can have three main shapes which are:
Name one of each type
Basilli- clostridium tetani
Spiral- lyme disease
Cocci- staphylococci
Chickenpox in children is not a serious disease. Mention the cases where it can be a serious and perhaps fatal disease
Chickenpox maybe fatal in adults the immunocompromised pregnant women and sometimes teenagers
Chickenpox is transmitted through airborne and contact modes, true or false
True
The risk of acquiring hepatitis B after a needlestick is __________. This is Approximately _____times the risk of acquiring aids after a comparable exposure
30%
100x
A patient with shingles must have had chickenpox sometime in his or her life, true or false?
True
Where does the Veris Cella zoster virus remain latent after the initial exposure and having had chickenpox?
The virus remains in nerve axioms in the dormant stage
Bacteria are unicellular organisms that have both DNA and RNA and do not require a host to survive and multiply, true or false
True
Which type of hepatitis is most concerning to the healthcare worker?
Hepatitis B is most concerning to the healthcare worker
Parotitis is caused by the _______virus
Mumps
Mention the four characteristics that make microorganisms different in their ability to cause diseases
Inability of antibiotics to cover all types of bacteria
Mutation
Ability to remain latent
Spores (bacteria/fungus)
Chlamydia infection is considered a ________that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease
Sexually transmitted infection
According to which lab staining test, bacteria can be classified into groups – positive and negative
What is Graham staining
Antibodies are produced by__________. They protect us by binding to_______, deactivating them.
B lymphocytes
Pathogen’s
Normal flora can act as ________pathogen’s when the hosts immunity is compromised.
Opportunistic
Most fungi responded to antibacterial agents, true or false
False. Most fungi do not respond to antibacterial agents – that’s why the infection is hard to kill. Fungus also dimorphic, presenting another problem. an exception to this antibiotic resistance is the medication Flagyl.
Rickettsia causes_______ and ________. This pathogen shares characteristics of both ______ and _____.
Typhus fever
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Bacteria
Viruses
Mycoplasma pathogen causes
Pneumonia
Trichomoniasis is considered_______, so the partner must be treated as well
A sexually transmitted infection
Cold sores are caused by
Herpes simplex one – a virus
Fungi can grow into shapes_______ which is Uni cellular and ________which is multicellular. Things that may take two shapes are called_________.
Which is the invasive, infective form?
Yeast
Filamentous hyphe
Dimorphic
Filamentous hyphe is the invasive, infective form.
Fungi are usually smaller than bacteria, true or false?
False. Fungi are usually larger than bacteria
Tinea fungi can cause
Athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm
Aspergillosis and histoplasmosis are two fungal diseases, true or false?
True
Aspergillosis occurs in immunocompromise patients, true or false?
True
Pneumocystic Carini has characteristics of_____ and _______.
Fungi
Protozoa
Protozoa a complex one celled organisms, many are motile, they are able to move by the action of flagella or by cilia, true or false
True
Malaria is spread by ______and is caused by a non-motile protozoa which develops in the host red blood cells
Mosquitoes
What type of pathogen causes amebiasis? what is the specific name of this pathogen
Amebas
Entamoeba hystolytica
The main symptom amebiasis is ______. This is called dysentery
Bloody diarrhea
Amebiasis is spread by the fecal – oral route, true or false
True
Giardasis is a protozoan caused disease, true or false
True
GIardiasis is spread by the fecal oral route but eating food or water that is contaminated by the parasitic protozoa or it’s cysts, true or false
True
Which form of the Giardia Lambia is the resistant and hardy form?
Cysts are the hardy and resistant form
If you just might contract toxoplasmosis through placental connection with its infected mother who might have handled cats litter in properly, true or false
True
_________ is leading cause of death attributed to foodborne illness in the US.
Toxoplasmosis
Babies born with toxoplasmosis from their mothers can have serious health consequences, true or false?
True
And example of parasitic protozoa that can cause skin ulcers is________. It is spread by the bite of a sandfly and it is endemic to some parts of the tropics come out subtropics, and southern Europe
Leishmaniasis
Arthropodic parasites include
Fleas
Mites
Tics
Lice
The other name for Helmuth parasites is
Intestinal worms. Eeeewwww!!!!
The lifecycle of intestinal worms is
Ovum
Larva
Adult
The ova and larva may be ingested in contaminated food or water, may enter the skin, or may be transmitted by infected insect’s true or false
True
One example of Plessy helmets a.k.a. flatworms is
Intestinal tapeworms
One example of flukes is
Liver flukes
One example of nematodes a.k.a. roundworms is
Askaris
Echinococcus worms cause ________. This is also called__________.
Hydatid disease
Hydatidosis
The adult Encino cook us worms reside in the small bowel of a definitive host and they release eggs in the feces true or false?
True
Shistosomyiasis is also known as________, or _______.
Bilharzia
Snail fever
The main cause of bilharzia is __________. The larval form of the parasite penetrates the skin of people swimming in the freshwater.
Bathing in contaminated water
There are two types of shistosomiasis _______ and _______-. Besides occasional embolic egg granulomas are found in the _____and ______.
Urinary
Intestinal
Brain
Spinal cord
Influenza is more serious than the common cold because it may lead to_______.
Pneumonia
Patients who have one of the diseases that are known to be transmitted through the droplet mode should be placed on ________isolation precautions
Droplet
Fungi reproduce by ____or ______formation
Budding
Hyphe
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles true or false
True
Candida is a fungal disease, true or false
True
What are the four components in the chain of infection?
Reservoir of infection
Portal of exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Mention four types of protozoa infection
Trichomoniasis
Malaria
Amebiasis
Giardiasis
What is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients?
Pneumocystic Carini
Fungi are easy to treat- True or false
False most antibiotics do not work on fungus and they are difficult to treat. Also fungus can leave spores under the skin to sprout at a later opportunistic time
Mention five conditions were normal flora can become opportunistic pathogen’s
HIV, prolonged use of antibiotics, cystic fibrosis, chemo, diabedes
What is a fromite?
A fromite is an inanimate object or substance capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one person to another
Resistance to pathogen’s varies from one person to another. By which factors is it affected?
Age State of health Anxiety or stress Location of infection Previously acquired antibodies
Acquired immunity involves two types of cells? Yes or no? Name them if yes
Yes- T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
During the incubation period, the pathogen enters the host and lies dormant and the host feels no symptoms, true or false
False the latent period Feels no symptoms
What is pathogen’s specificity?
Pathogen specificity characterizes an organisms attraction to a particular host
Patients who have one of the diseases that are known to be transmitted through the airborne mode should be placed on _________isolation precautions
Airbourne
Passive acquired immunity requires that a person be injected with _________from the blood of another person or animal.
Anti-bodies. This is a form of passive acquired immunity
The immune system’s main functions are:
protect from ______
to perform tissue______ and____
to remove________.
Infection
Clean up /wound repair abnormal/malignant cells
Mention the five modes of pathogen transmission.
Contact (includes fromites) Droplet Airbourne Vector X
During the convalescent., The disease is no longer communicable, true or false?
False. Some diseases are no longer communicable, but others are.
Organ transplant patients who are on immunosuppressive it’s so the body does not reject the new Oregon, cancer patients on chemotherapy, AIDS patients are all types of _____________hosts. This means they can get communicable diseases more readily than regular people when they are exposed to pathogens.
Immunocompromised
Most pathogens are transferred through the _____mode.
Airborne
The immune system causes problems when it is not functioning in the proper way. Mention three examples
Allergies
Autoimmune diseases
Transplant rejection
Pathogen reservoir means________.
Source of infection
MRSA and VRE spread through droplet mode true or false
False both MRSA and VRE are spread through contact mode
When you scan someone who is a carrier of a pathogen (has no symptoms and signs) and then, you scan a susceptible host without practicing hand hygiene and the disinfecting rules, you may be causing serious infections in the susceptible host- true or false?
Preach! True. (when in doubt-Wash your damn hands! When not in doubt, wash your damn hands!)
Patients who have one of the diseases that are known to be transmitted through the contact mode should be placed on ________isolation precautions.
Contact
Vehicle type of transmission is similar to _______because it involves the presence of an intermediate object in the process of contamination
Indirect contact- both involve fromites
B lymphocytes produce_________.
Anti-bodies
______lymphocytes are responsible for cell mediated immunity.
T
What is virulence?
An organisms ability to grow and multiply with speed
What does vectorborne type of pathogen transmission mean?
It means that the pathogen arrived via another carrier – I E mosquito, rat, which displaced the organism from its place of origin and acted as a carrier.
MRSA stands for
Methicillin Resistant Saphalococcus Aureus
Give examples of direct contact:
Touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with oral blood or bodily fluids
This is what makes humans get different diseases from animals. It is inherited and permanent
What is innate immunity
Mention all the elements that support us with innate immunity
1.) Portal of entry (Hair skin cilia coughing sneezing) 2.) elevated body temperatures 3.) hematopoietic white blood cell system 4.) inflammatory cytokines
When does someone have active acquired immunity
Vaccination
Previously had disease
Prior mild infection with disease
Phagocytose us occurs regardless of the invading pathogens, true or false
True
VRE stands for
Vancomyosin resistant entrococcus
Mention all examples of bodily fluids
Blood/blood products Nasal secretions Sputum sweat Vomit Fecal matter Vaginal secretions Semen Milk Amnio fluid Lesion extrudate or secretions Fluids from inside the body
Mention three diseases that can be transmitted through the airborne route
Group a strep influenza adenovirus chickenpox
Can a transducer be the cause of nosocomial infections and act as a fromite?
Yes!!!!!
Contact mode of pathogen transmission means that pathogens are spread from one person to a susceptible host directly through contact with blood or bodily fluids true or false
True
Innate immunity is specific to the invading pathogens, true or false
True
What are the four stages of infection? Mention the features of each one.
Latent – the patient feels no signs or symptoms
Incubation- the pathogen begins to multiply and the disease process begins
Disease- the infection is communicable
Convalescent period-Period after disease in which acquired immunity may play a role and homeostasis is restored. The host may regain full or partial function depending in extent of damage, and the disease MAY OR MAY NOT BE TRANSFERABLE AT THIS STAGE.
Droplets are microorganisms that are larger than _____.
5 µm
Innate immunity is specific to the invading pathogens, true or false
True
I need immunity does not have memory – meaning it does not remember the invading pathogen when it enters the body after the initial entry, true or false?
True
Passive acquired immunity lasts longer than active acquired immunity, true or false?
False. Active acquired immunity last longer than passive acquired immunity.
Lymphocytes are highly specialized defender cells, and they have memory of the invading pathogens, so they can produce the specific antibodies should the infection with that particular pathogen happen again, true or false
True
The other term used for hospital acquired infections is
Nosocomial
What is pathogenicity?what is virulence?
What is specificity?
What is invasiveness of the pathogen?
Pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease.
Virulence is the ability to grow and multiply it with speed. Specificity is the attraction to a particular host
Invasiveness is the ability to enter tissue.
Droplets are light and can be transferred to long distances and remain suspended in the air for a long time, true or false?
False droplets are heavy that is why the door may remain open when someone is on droplet precautions
Transferring micro organisms between patients because of disinfected transducer is considered direct contact mode, true or false
True
Airborne micro organisms are larger than droplet pathogen’s, true or false?
False airborne micro organisms are smaller than 5 µm
How does that hematopoetic system contribute to the innate imminity? What are the types of cells?
White blood cells – phagocytes specifically neutrophils and macrophages, monocytes, and NK cells
TB is considered a droplet pathogen, true or false?
True
Cytokines have an immunity roll, true or false?
True
Mansion three types of micro organisms that can be spread through droplet mode
Tuberculosis
Chickenpox
Influenza
Name 5 fromites
Clothing Objects Food Other people Animals Water
Mention five diseases that can be transferred through contact other than MRSA, VRE, or C. difficile.
Chickenpox, hep a, hep B, flu, meningitis, measles
Mention to natural reflexes that have a role in protecting us from micro organisms
Sneezing, coughing body temperature
Mention a notorious infection and parts of Africa and South America that is transmitted by mosquitoes
What is malaria
What is Zinka
In the United States_____ is transmitted by some types of mosquitoes
Meningitis
Triple E
What are the natural killers?
T lymphocytes cells
When do you apply standard precautions?
At all times
What are the two types of acquired immunity?
Passive acquired immunity
Active acquired immunity
What are the ways to implement hand hygiene? Which one is better?
A-You may either wash your hands for at least 15 seconds with hot soap and water or B – you may use sanitizer on your hands.
Sanitizer is the preferred method
People who have staff or VRE put on _________ isolation precautions.
Contact
Examples of vectors in vector- born transmission of disease
Mosquitoes Please Texas Rats All other intermediate hosts
What is the other term for standard precautions?
Normal precautions for which you would use PPE which is personal protective equipment
The gloves used as PPE are sterile, true or false?
False gloves used as regular PPE are not sterile
People, animals, and in adamant objects can all serve as reservoirs of infection, true or false?
True – they are called fromites or other hosts
Any wound drainage and lesion extra date and secretions are considered bodily fluids, true or false?
True
How do you remove gloves the proper way?
The first glove is pinched, palm side- and pulled off by the 2nd gloved hand. The contaminated glove is held in the hand of the 2nd glove. Two clean fingers of the now glove free hand are then placed inside the clean cuff of the opposite glove and the glove is pulled off inside out, and over the first glove- creating a ball.
Give an example of an infectious disease that a person May be a carrier and spread the disease to people around them without having symptoms themselves
Typhoid fever, HIV
The reason implementing standard precautions is to break the
Chain of infection
