ASA 101 Flashcards
1
Q
Stays
A
Forestay and backstay
Cables that support the mast forward and back
2
Q
Shrouds
A
Cables that support the mast side to side
3
Q
The cables around the edge of the boat
A
Lifelines
4
Q
The posts supporting the lifelines
A
Stanchions
5
Q
The cage at the bow and stern
A
Pulpit
6
Q
The bumpers on the sides of the boat
A
Fenders
7
Q
The horizontal bars that spread the shrouds to create tension
A
Spreaders
8
Q
What makes up the standing rigging
A
Shrouds and stays
9
Q
Companionway
A
The compartment in the boat
10
Q
What is the running rigging
A
Halyards, mainsheet, and jib sheets
Downhaul, outhaul, Cunningham
11
Q
What is a sloop rigged boat
A
2 sails - a main and a head sail
12
Q
Two types of head sails
A
Jib and Genoa (past the mast)
13
Q
Fore triangle
A
Area between mast and forestay
14
Q
Hanks
A
The clips on the jib
15
Q
Head
A
The top of the sail
16
Q
Luff
A
The leading / front edge of the sail
17
Q
Leach
A
The trailing / back edge of the sail
18
Q
Foot
A
The bottom edge of the sail
19
Q
Tack
A
The attachment point at the front of the sail between the luff and foot
20
Q
Clew
A
The attachment point of the back of the sail between the leech and the foot
21
Q
Halyards
A
The lines that raise and lower the sails
Main halyard and jib halyard
22
Q
Topping lift
A
The cable that supports the boom, similar to the stays
23
Q
Sheets
A
The lines that control the sails side to side
Main sheet and job sheets
24
Q
Fair leads
A
Anything that redirects a line
25
Block and tackle
Used by main sheet and boom vang for extra purchase / leverage
26
Cunningham / down haul
Tensions the luff of the MAIN sail, pulls back against the main halyard
Also used in the reefing process
27
Cleat off =
Tie off
28
Out haul
Pulls on the clew of the main sail to tighten the foot
Used in heavier winds
29
Boom vang
Pulls down on the boom to close off (aka tension / tighten) of the leech of the main
Used in heavier winds
30
Tiller
Connects to and steers rudder
31
Loose end of a line
Bitter end
32
Attached end of a line
Working end
33
Knot used to connect to head of sails
Bowline
34
Two stopper knots
Figure 8 and barrel knot
35
Knot to join together two lines of different diameter
Sheetbend - basically the same as a bowline, the hatch is small and sailor is large
36
Securing knots
Clove hitch (temp) and round turn with 2 half hitches (perm)
37
Clove hitch knot sequence
Around, under, under, through slack, pull
38
Round turn 2 half hitches knot sequence
Around, parallel, cross over top, up through, pull, repeat
39
Square knot
Used to join two ends of same line or ends of two lines of same size
Most commonly used for reef ties
40
Square knot sequence
Right over left, tuck left
Left over right, tuck right
Pull
41
Cleat hitch knot sequence
- Furthest horn of cleat
- Pull across to the other horn, forming a C or U
- cross over and go back under first horn
- cross again and hitch
42
Rigging method steps
Inspect, correct, ready
43
Rigging process
1. Remove companionway cover
2. Remove sail cover
3. Check main for reefs
4. Uncleat main halyard and attach to head of main, guide main through gate
5. Release tension from boom vang by releasing down haul
6. Pull out jib and identify corners
7. Make sure all hanks are attached in same direction
8. Release jib halyard, tie bowline knot to head of jib
9. Pull slack from jib halyard and cleat
10. Bowline attach jib sheet
11. Release backstay tension lines to unhook tiller and retension backstay lines
12. Make sure the traveler is centered and tensioned
44
No go zone
Wind coming from the bow
45
Wind coming from the stern
Running
46
Wind coming from the port or starboard bow just outside the no go zone
Close haul
47
Wind coming from the port or starboard bow midway between bow and beam
Close reach
48
Wind coming from directly to the side of the boat
Beam reach
49
Wind coming from the port or starboard quarter
Broad reach
50
Points of sail extremes
- close haul
- beam reach
- running
51
Upwind points of sail
- close haul
- close reach
- beam reach
52
Downwind points of sail
- broad reach
- running
53
Trimming the sails rules of thumb
1. Closer to the wind, closer to the centerline of the boat
2. Away from the wind, away from the centerline of the boat
3. End of the boom over the lifeline for a beam reach
54
Heading up
Changing course to close with the direction of the wind (close reach or close haul)
55
Falling off (bearing away)
Changing course to turn the bow away from the direction of the wind
(Beam reach)
56
Beam reach to close haul is…
Heading up
57
From close haul to beam reach is…
Falling off
58
Tiller points of thumb
1. To the main is to the wind
2. Away from the main is away from the wind
3. If the bow is not going the direction you want, move the tiller to the opposite side until you’ve corrected it
59
Port tack
Wind on port side
60
Starboard tack
Wind on starboard side
61
Point of sail when in the no go zone
In irons
62
The side of the boat that faces the wind
Windward
63
The side of the boat that faces away from the direction of the wind
Leeward
64
Navigation rules supersede…
Any right of way argument
65
Navigation rule 5
Maintain a lookout at all times
66
Navigation rule 6
Maintain a safe speed
67
Navigation rule 7
Use all means to assess risk, if in doubt assume a risk exists
68
Navigation rule 8
Make positive actions in ample time
69
The boat that has the right of way is the …
Stand on vessel
70
The boat that has to move is the…
Give way vessel
71
ROW #1: two boats on the same tack…
Leeward vessel is considered to have less control and is the stand on vessel
72
ROW #2: two boats on the opposite tack
The starboard track vessel is considered the stand on
73
ROW #3: sail vs power
Sail stands on
If sail has outboard motor it is considered power
If both powered then boat to the right has right of way
74
ROW #4: overtaking
- boat being overtaken is stand on
- if you are a sail overtaking a power you are considered give way
75
Dropping the main steps
- position boat into the wind
- uncleat halyard
- taco / burrito
76
Docking the boat steps
*remember your slip
- situational awareness and the elements
- slow is pro
- dock the beam
77
Docking lines / position the boat
- position with deck ring between cleats
- do secure turns on the bow and stern
- cleat off stern, secure turn bow
- adjust fenders as necessary
- cleat bow
- run spring lines through deck ring and cleat
- if cleats are not available run spring line on itself via round turn 2 half hitches on stanchion
78
Putting the boat to bed
- outboard motor
- main halyard
- flake the main
- sail cover
- coil the main sheet
- remove stopper knots and secure tiller
- remove jib sheets and coil
- remove the jib
- flake the jib
- hose off the boat and outboard
79
Battens
Support sticks inside the sail to keep the leech from flapping
80
Draft
The fullness or roundness of a sail
81
Skipper
The person in charge of the safe operation of the vessel
82
Helmsman
The person steering the vessel
83
Tack maneuver
Heading up
Close haul to close haul
84
Gybe maneuver
Falling off
Broad reach to broad reach
85
Trim to course
Adjusting the sails for most efficient sailing based upon point of sail
Closer to wind closer to the main
86
When doing a tack or gybe focus on the…
Main to switch and fill
87
Roles during tacking
Tiller: make sure everyone is ready
Mainsheet: move over to windward and prepare to trim
Jib sheet: wait for sail to grab on new side, let go of lazy and tighten working
88
89
Backwinding
Pull on the working side
Used to get out of irons and for a heave too
90
Roles during gybing
Tiller: command and control
Mainsheet: bring in boom, transfer to other side. Ease out boom after transfer
Jib sheet: adjust once filled
91
Reefing
Deceasing the sail area for heavier winds
Tack, clew, reef ties
Reef tie does not go around the boom
Red then blue
92
93
4 oh nos of the outboard
1. Check the fuel level
2. Make sure air vent is open
3. Fuel line is switched off
4. Make sure kill switch is in place
94
Tides
The raising and lowering of amount of water in the bay
95
Flood tide
Water coming in
High tide
6hrs
96
Ebb tide
Water going out
Low tide
6hrs
97
Slack tide
The point at which the tides don’t change and switch
98
Current
Speed at which the water is moving during the tide changes
99
Rule of thumb for when to reef
Around 10 to 12 knots
100
Currents in the bay are typically
1 to 6 knots
101
Outboard typically pushes only…
4 to 5 knots
102
1 knot =
1.15 mph
103
104
Channel markers
Red (even) or green (odd)
dayboards (fixed)
Buoys (floating)
105
Preferred channel markers
Means there is a fork in the road
If red on top go to port
If green on top go to starboard
Color on top tells you the side to turn to
106
Safety equipment is typically determined by…
The length of the boat and what is being used for auxiliary power
107
Examples of safety equipment
PFD, fire extinguisher, visual distress signals, sound producing device
108
Heave to maneuver
1. Go into beam reach
2. Back wind the jib
3. Let the main out all the way
4. Move tiller all the way to the main and leave it
109
Figure 8 MOB maneuver
1. Go right into a beam reach after MOB
2. Sail for 10 boat lengths
3. Tack into the wind
4. Cross over your original line
5. Head up from broad to close
6. Pull alongside sharply so that MOB is on leeward side of boat
7. Fall off after MOB is grabbed
110
111
One fathom =
6 feet
112
One nautical mile =
1.15 statute miles
113
How much anchor length?
4 to 7 times the depth of water you are in
114
115
Back winding the jib is…
Moving the jib to the windward side of the boat
116
117
Through hull fittings
Allow drainage from head or sink
Allow water in for engine cooling
118
Pintle
Pin of the tiller
119
Gudgeon
The hinge the pintles of the tillers
120
If rudder is suspended or attached through the hull (not outside of it) it is on a … typically attached to a wheel
Rudderpost
121
Shrouds and stays typically attach to the hull via
Turnbuckles
122
Propose port to port passage in head on with a … acknowledged by …
One short blast, one short blast
Rejection is 5 short blasts - also danger sounding
123
Nearing a bend or fairway with obstruction a vessel can sound …
One long last
124
One short blast
Two short blasts
Three short blasts
Leave to port
Leave to starboard
Operating in reverse
125
Type 1 PFD
Will turn most unconscious
Min 22 lbs buoyancy
126
Type II PFD
Will turn some unconscious
Min 15.5 lbs buoyancy
127
Type III PFD
Similar to Type II although they may not turn and are more comfortable
128
Type IV PFD
Throwable
129
Type V PFD
Hybrids and special uses - typically can be orally inflated or have gas cylinders
130
Min fire extinguisher - less than 26’
1x B1 - non fixed
131
Min fire extinguisher- 26 to 40
2x B1 or 1x B2 - non fixed
1x B1 - fixed
132
Min fire extinguisher 40 to 65
3x B1 or 1x B1 and 1x B2 - non fixed
2x B1 or 1x B2 - fixed
133
134
Class A fire and suitable countermeasure
Ordinary combustible material - wood, paper, etc
Water
135
Class B fire and suitable countermeasure
Oil, gasoline, grease or other flammable liquid
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
136
Class C fire and suitable countermeasure
Electrical fire
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
137
Masthead or steaming light
Indicates a boat moving under engine power
138
Safety equipment and essentials
- PFDs
- Fire extinguishers
- Horn / whistle / bell
- Running lights
- visual distress signals
- anchors
- Bailer / bilge pump
- flashlight and batteries
- first aid
- tool kit and spare parts
- navigation charts
- soft plugs
- VHF radio
- safety harnesses
- life raft and dinghy
- tow rope
- fog horn
139
140
4 main types of sails
- main or mizzen (mizzen operates the same as a main)
- foresails (jib or genoa)
- staysails
- spinnakers
141
Minimum sail inventory
Mainsail with 2 reef points
A number 1 Genoa (150 to 170%)
A working jib (80 to 100%)
142
Min sail for light winds
Main and Genoa
143
Min sail for heavy winds
Reefed main and jib
144
What VHF channels have weather reports
W1 and W2 updated every 3 to 6 hours
145
First clouds identifying an approaching warm front
Cirrus and cirrostratus
Rain in less than 24 hrs
146
Next clouds in a warm front that bring rain
Altostratus then nimbostratus
147
Warm or cold fronts produce more severe weather
Cold as they force their way under warm weather and push the warm weather up causing rapid condensation
148
Name the clouds in darkening order
Altocumulus
Nimbostratus
Cumulonimbus
149
Sign of a line squall
Low rolling clouds
150
Fog forms when
Warm air meets cold land or water
151
A lowering barometer indicates
Lowering pressure, a low pressure system, storm approaching
152
- Cold weather front into warm
- Altocumulus
- Cumulonimbus
- Nimbostratus
153
- Warm weather front into cold
- Cirrus
- Cirrostratus
- Altostratus
- Nimbostratus
154
Name for cone bouy
Nun
155
Floating ATON
Buoy
156
Fixed ATONS
Beacons -> dayboards
157
Basic types of ATONS
Lateral -> red right return
Preferred channel
Non lateral markers -> diamond with cross meaning boats excluded
158
Reefing steps
Tack, clew, ties
159
Each reef reduces the sail by about
25%
160
161
VHF local notices channel
22
162
Silting and seiches
Shifting of soft sand and mud
Changes in water depth caused by pressure or strong winds.
163
Options once run aground (6)
- immediately reverse
- heeling the boat
- kedging off
- shifting weight
- taking a tow
- wait for high tide
164
165
Bad weather comes from
Low pressure systems
166
More violent weather is usually associated with
Cold fronts
167
What weather is preceded by cumulonimbus clouds
Thunderstorms
168
What weather is preceded by low rolling clouds
Rain squalls
169
How far out before limited garbage dumping
3 miles
170
Safe fueling
- Identify fire extinguishers
- Label fuel can
- Portable tanks must not be refilled on the boat
- Refuel during daylight
- Turn off motor, cooking equipment, and any other spark source
- Close all hatches and ports
- Have crew stand on the dock
- No smoking
- Verify correct fuel pump
- Ground the nozzle to the tank
- Do not overfill
- Wipe up any spills
- After fueling complete open hatches
- Check all lines for any leaks
171
172
What is prop walk
the tendency of a boat's stern to pivot sideways when the propeller is turning, especially in reverse, due to the propeller's angled shaft and blade thrust
173
- [x] Importance of bilge
-
lowest part of boat and collects excess water from rain or waves
174
- [ ] Two types of dive flags
- International code is blue and white Alpha flag
- Most common is the divers flag of red with white diagonal stripe
175
176
- [ ] Required safety equipment for 26-40 ft boat
- PFDs
- Fire extinguishers
- A horn whistle or bell audible for a mile
- Running lights (at night only)
- Visual distress signals
177
- [ ] Hypothermia
- Mild
- Shivering
- Slurred speech
- Medium
- Loss of muscle control
- Drowsiness
- Severe
- Unconsciousness
- Respiratory distress
178
Treating hypothermia
Mild - remove from elements and wrap in warmth, No Alcohol
Medium - apply direct heat, do not administer fluids or massage
Severe - same as medium, CPR if needed
179
Types of anchors
- Danforth good for softer bottoms
- Plough good for harder bottoms
180
181
Parts of anchor
Anchor, chain, and rode
182
How much rode to let out?
4 to 7 times the depth
183
Most common anchor mistakes
Not using the right type of anchor
Not letting out enough scope
184
Scope and proper ratio
The length of anchor rode let out
7 to 1
185
- [ ] - What makes a good anchorage
- Shelter (in the Lee)
- Room to swing
- Sufficient depth
- Good holding ground (bottom)
186
187
What is the wheel connected to
Rudderpost
188
The pin and hinge names for rudder
Pintel and gudgeon
189
What do you hook onto for safety
Jacklines specifically the tether of your harness
190
Lookout rule
Navigation rule #5 keep a lookout at all times
191
VHF international distress channel
16
192
VHF life threatening call
Mayday mayday mayday
193
VHF distress call
Securitay Securitay Securitay
194
VHF notice to all mariners
Panpan Panpan Panpan
195
Various situations (7)
- Running aground
- Springing a leak, find source and plug
- Rigging failure, alleviate load
- Steering failure, steer by sails
- Dragging anchor, increase scope
- Fouled prop, turn off engine and uncoil
- Broken halyard, drop sails and add new halyard
196
Longitude
Pole to pole
197
Latitude
Around the equator
One degree is 60 nautical miles
1/60 of a degree is a mile
198
Sound signals
- Single
- Double
- Three
- Five
- Fog
- Single is leave to port
- Double is leave to starboard
- Three is baking up
- Five is danger
- Fog is … one long and two short
199
200
Fire extinguishers for boat less than 26 ft
1x B1 non fixed
Fixed none
201
202
Neutral helm
Sailing at a trim where the tiller is amidships (centered)
203
Weather helm
Tendency of the boat to turn into the wind, having to sail with the tiller pulled to the wind to counter
204
Neutral or balanced helm is when…
Center of effort and center of lateral resistance are equal
205
Center of effort
The center of the power of the sails, combination of CEJ and CEM
206
Center of resistance is
The pivot point around which the boat turns, the keel
207
Lee helm
COE is forward of CLR and will tend to turn downwind
208
Weather helm
COE is aft CLR and boat will tend to turn upwind
209
Ducking
When approaching an obstacle in close haul it is preferred to pass astern … or duck behind
210
Slow & Go
Control speed and maintain steerage when wanting to stop
Furl the jib
Ease out main and let luff. Then trim back in. Repeat
211
Mooring via irons
Approach in beam reach
Be about 3 boat lengths away
Turn up into irons, directly at the morning ball
Let being in irons slow you down into the ball
212
Mooring test
Sail around a bouy and then go up into irons, measure how far you coast away from the bouy
