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Biology > As YEAR 1 Biology > Flashcards

As YEAR 1 Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State three differences between optical and electron microscopy

A

Optical uses light, electron uses electrons
Optical can look at living Samples, dead same
Optical has low resolution and magnification

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2
Q

What two stages are needed to prepare a large tissue specimen for light microscopy

A

Sectioning and staining

Many cells are colourless so details can not be see unless Stained

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3
Q

Name two pieces of equipment used to measure a cell under a light microscope and describe why one needs to be calibrated

A

Eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer

Objective lenses can have different levels of magnification

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4
Q

What is the difference between magnification and resoloution

A

Magnification increases how big an object seems whereas resoloutiom is how clear an image is

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5
Q

Define both rough ER and smooth

A

RER- thin,flattened sacs coated in ribosomes, synthesises and transports protein
SER-thin flattened sacs with many vesicles,synthesise,stores and transport lipids and carbohydrates

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6
Q

Define both lysosome and Golgi apparatus

A

Lysosome - small vesicles - secrete harmful enzymes out of the cell
Golgi apparatus - flattened sacs that bud into vesicles - modifies and packages proteins, sorts substances for secretion

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7
Q

Define ribosome and chloroplast

A

Ribosome - 2 subunits of RNA and small protein-protein synthesis
Chloroplast - double membrane, free DNA and thylakoid membrane - chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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8
Q

Name the organelle involved in
Cell division
Rapid movement of whole cell
Movement of contents outside of cell

A

Centrioles
Flagella
Cilia

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9
Q

What is a cytoskeleton

Give 2 uses of the cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein fibres, actin filaments and microtubules within the cytoplasm
Keeps cell shape stable
Provides mechanical strength

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10
Q

Describe the roles of organelles and structure in protein production and secretion

A

DNA from the nucleus codes for protein production on the ribosomes attached to the rough ER
Then transported in a vesicle to GA
Modifies and packages proteins
Another vesicle to cell membrane,fuses and released

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11
Q

Describe 2 properties of lipid in terms of energy release

A

Release more energy then carbohydrate

Used for long term energy storage

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12
Q

Describe three functions of lipids, especially important in cold water sea bird such as penguins

A

Buoyancy
Thermal insulation
Water proofing of feathers

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13
Q

Explain why some triglycerides do not form at room temperature

A

R groups with single bond between C atoms - saturated
R groups with double bonds between C atoms - unsaturated
Double bonds causes R groups to bend making them less compact, no solidify

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14
Q

How does the structure of cholesterol aid it’s function in cell membrane

A

Cholesterol have hydrophilic and hydrophilic ends that interact with phospholipid
Makes more rigid

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15
Q

What advantage does cholesterol based give these hormones

A

Can pass directly through the cell and reach their targets faster

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16
Q

Give a disadvantage of having excess cholesterol

A

Narrows blood vessels

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17
Q

What is an inorganic ion

Give example of an inorganic canion and anion

A

Inorganic Does not contain carbon
Ion - gained or lost an electron
Cation - hydrogen
Anion - chloride

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18
Q

What is a monomer

A

Small single unit

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19
Q

What is the different between the two polysaccharide of glycogen and cellulose

A

G- storage of glucose C- structurally in cell walls
G- alpha glucose C- beta glucose
Heavily branched
Long fibres

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20
Q

Name 3 parts of nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar
Inorganic phosphate group
Nitrogenous bass

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21
Q

What is the bond between pentose sugar and inorganic phosphate group

A

Phosphodiester bond

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22
Q

What nitrogenous base are purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines include adenine and guanine

Pyrimidines thymine,ucrail and cytosine

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23
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal DNA

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24
Q

Describe the process of semi conservative replication

A

DNA helicase unwinds DNA strand,breaks hydrogen bonds
Free nucleotide,complementary base pair
DNA polymerase innate condensation reaction

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25
Q

State 4 different types of pathogen and give an example of each in humans

A

Fungi - athletes foot
Virus - HIV
Bacterium - Tuberculoses
Protoctist- Malaria

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26
Q

Define direct and indirect transmission and their modes

A

D- pathogen is transferred directly from one affected organism to another - contact and ingestion
ID-pathogen travels from one infected individual to another through the means of an unaffected object or organism.
Vectors and contaminated food and water sharing

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27
Q

State both structural and chemical defence in plant

A

Structural - callose deposition,bark,waxy cuticle, tough cell walls
Chemical - cell suicide,toxic substances,pathogen degrading enzymes

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28
Q

Why is it important to research plant response to disease

A

Better protect using chemicals and genetically engineer plants
That are important crops and sources for medicine

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29
Q

What statistical test is used do find whether the means are significantly different

A

Student T test

30
Q

Describe how T lymphocytes and the two types of B lymphocytes provide a primary and secondary response to infection

A

T helper cells activate specific B cells which undergoes mitosis
B plasma cells release antibodies AAC
Pathogen immobilised for phagocytes to destroy
B memory cells remain in tissue to provide a rapid response

31
Q

How do cytokines and opsonins differ

A

Cytokines is released by WBC to regulate overall immune response whereas opsonins is a signal molecule which binds on to pathogen to accelerate phagocytosis

32
Q

What is an antibody

A

Cell membrane protein

Complementary shape to a specific antigen

33
Q

What is agglutination

A

Antibodies bind onto pathogens , forming a structure that is too large to enter a cell

34
Q

Describe the structured insects have to allow gas exchange

A

Spiracles - pores
Tracheae - tubes
TrachEOLES - small tubes

35
Q

How do insects ventilate

A

Movement of thorax and abdomen

Changes body volume and forces gases in and out

36
Q

Explain how aerobic respiration can be maintained in increasingly anaerobic conditions

A

Anaerobic conditions- increases lactic acid in muscle cells
Tracheal fluid in the ends of trachEOLES, contains water which enter muscle cells by osmosis because of concentration gradient lactic acid
Decrease in tracheal fluid more air into trachea

37
Q

How do fish ventilate

A

Increase volume of buccal cavity to draw in waged, open and closes operculum over gills, maintains constant flow of water

38
Q

What’s on a fish fill

A

LAMELLAE

Filaments

39
Q

What is the name of process of gas exchange and why does it allow more oxygen to enter blood

A

Counter current flow
Blood and water flow in opposite directions
HOW HOB

40
Q

What are enzymes

A

Globular proteins, biological catalyst

Lowers activation energy of metabolic reactions in living organisms

41
Q

Give examples of both an intracellular and extra cellular enzyme

A

Extra - Amylase/lipase

Intra- DNA polymerase

42
Q

What is activation energy

A

Energy required to trigger a chemical reaction

43
Q

Describe what temperature coefficient(Q10) means

A

How the rate of reaction changes

With an increase of temperature by 10

44
Q

Describe the use of co enzymes in enzymes mediated reactions

A

Small,non protein molecules

Bind to an enzyme at the same time as the substrate to facilitate the reaction

45
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between co factors and prosthetic groups

A

Both bind to an enzyme to make the enzyme substrate complex easier.
Prosthetic binds permanently
Co factor- can move or attach to other substrate

46
Q

What co factor is necessary for amylase functioning

What is the prosthetic group in carbonic anhydrase

A

Chloride ions

Zinc ions

47
Q

What is the difference between a competitive and non competitive inhibitor

A

Competitive inhibitors binds on to the enzymes active site whereas non competitive binds elsewhere on to the enzymes but alters the structure, so enzyme active site no longer complementary

48
Q

Briefly outline how an irreversible inhibitor affects the structure and function of
an enzyme.

A

Causes a permanent change to the enzyme’s active site so the enzyme is inactivated / cannot function

49
Q

What are the properties of molecules that can freely diffuse through the cell membrane

A

Small
Uncharged
Lipid soluble

50
Q

What is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion

A

Facilitated diffusion require carrier or channel proteins because the molecules are too big
Simple diffusion does not need any membrane proteins

51
Q

What kind of transport are endocytosis and exocytosis used for

A

Bulk transport

52
Q

Describe the 3 different levels of biodiversity

A

Habitat- diversity of habitat
Species - richness and evenness
Genetic - diversity between individuals within the same species

53
Q

Describe 2 ways farmers could help conserve wildlife

A

Decrease the use of artificial chemicals

Provide alternative habitats

54
Q

Give an example of a conservation agreement that protects wildlife

A

Countryside stewardship scheme

55
Q

Suggest three ways in which students could improve validity of their sampling method

A

Same tree
Size leaves
Systematic sampling

56
Q

What processes occur during translocation

A

Hydrogen ions out of companion cell - AT
Sucrose into companion cell - FD
Sucrose out of companion cell - diffusion

57
Q

Describe the structures of sieve tubes and companion cells

A

Sieve tubes - elongated cells that line up to form tubes with a thin cytoplasm, they form phloem and allow the flow of sap
Companion cells - contain many mitochondria to produce ATP

58
Q

Describe the theory involved in water transport of the xylem

A

Cohesion tension theory
Dependent on the transpiration in the leaves
Water evaporate out of stomata to more negative water potential
Water molecules held by hydrogen bonds, stream of water molecule pull upwards

59
Q

Describe the pathway of water from absorption by the roots to entering the xylem

A

AT of minerals to roots, lower WP, so water moves via osmosis
Travels to endodermis till meets casparian strip, force for take symplast pathway

60
Q

What is the difference between the the apoplast and symplast pathway

A

A- between the cells and cell walls

Symplast - cytoplasm and plasmodesmata

61
Q

What are xerophytes

3 adaptation

A

Planes adapted to live in dry conditions
Small SA
stomata cells closes when there is low water availability
Hair on surface to trap moisture

62
Q

Explain why the type of nuclear division on zygotes is mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis is the stage of growth and production of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

63
Q

Explain the role of embryonic stem cells in the development of the embryo

A

Unspecialised cells ready to be differentiate into any cell type

64
Q

explain why the cells of the inner cell mass are not totipotent stem cells

A

Can not form whole organism

65
Q

Describe and explain why collagen is a fibrous protein

A

Long chain
Insoluble because it has many non polar amino acid
Play a structural role
Long polypeptide chains with many hydrogen bonds between polypeptide

66
Q

Describe the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

And the role of the membrane

A

Molecules form a phospholipid bilayer, flattened sacs and covered in ribosomes
Hold the ribosomes in place
Barrier between organelle between cytoplasm for specific metabolic reaction

67
Q

Explain how the nucleotides in a DNA molecule are arranged as two polynucleotide strands

A

nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds

2 hydrogen bonds between, complementary / named bases

68
Q

Explain why the type of nuclear division on zygotes in mitosis and not meiosis

A

Mitosis is the stage of growth and production of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

69
Q

Explain the role of embryonic stem cells in the development of the embryo

A

Unspecialised cells ready to be differentiate into any cell type

70
Q

Explain why the cells of the inner cell mass are not totipotent stem cells

A

Can not form the whole organism

71
Q

Describe the structure of RER

And role of membrane

A

Molecules form a phospholipid bi layer

Biology (2 decks)

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