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Biology > AS - Water and its importance > Flashcards

AS - Water and its importance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Water structure

A

H-O-H
joined by hydrogen bond
Hydrogen - Slight positive charge
Oxygen - Slight negative charge

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2
Q

Water properties

A 
Liquid at normal temperature 
Cohesive and adhesive
high specific heat capacity 
unusual density
high latent heat capacity
chemical reactant
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3
Q

Inorganic

A

Simple don;t contain Hydrogen and oxygen

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4
Q

Organic

A

Contain hydrogen and oxgen

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5
Q

Osmosis

A

Net movement
HIGH —> LOW water potential
Passive
(through partially permeable membrane)

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6
Q

Water Potential

A

(KF) Move and collide with cell membrane –> creates pressure measured in KPa
Pure water = 0kpa
more solute = lower water potential
Osmosis evens water potential out until it reaches dynamic equilibrium where it’s even therefore there is no further net movemt

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7
Q

Anabolic

A

Build large molecules from smaller ones

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8
Q

Catabolic

A

Breakdown large molecules into smaller ones

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9
Q

Water Is a Solvent

A

form shell around charged ions, prevents from clumping so dissolves.
Importance: transports substances, removes metabolic waste, allowing chemical reactions to take place inside cells

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10
Q

Water has a high specific heat capacity

A

Ideal habitat for aquatic organisms. Prevents internal body temperature changing quickly

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11
Q

Water has a high latent heat of vaportisation

A

Allows our body to lose heat through sweating, requires large amount of heat to break the hydrogen bond

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12
Q

Water is cohesive and adhesive

A

Used as lubricant in form of pleural fluid (to minimise friction between lungs and thoracic rib cage)

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13
Q

Three diffeernces between tissue fluid and blood

A

TF: NO red blood cells, no haemoglobin
No platelets/ low pressure, Not in vessels
BLOOD: red blood cells, full range of white blood cells, high pressure, contained in vesicles

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14
Q

Blood

A

no nucleus allows more hemoglobin - carries oxygen. Allows it flexible squeeze through capillaries,

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15
Q

Glucose

A

Carried in blood, stored in tissues, soluble in water, energy source, bonds can be broken to release energy to form ATP, monomer: can participate in condensation reactions to form disaccharides

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16
Q

Pressure

A

High in aorta as comes from heart, lost during formation of tissue fluid

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17
Q

Blood (in artery)

A

Role: transport around body
Cells: erythrocytes, leucoctyes, platelets
Proteins: Hormones and plasma proteins
Glucose: present 80-120mgcm
Amino Acids: present
Oxygen: Present in arteries, less in veins
Carbon Dioxide: Little in arteries, more in veins
Flow Speed: fast

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18
Q

Plasma

A 
Role: Transport around body
Cells: No cells
Proteins: Hormones and plasma proteins
Glucose: present 80 -120mgcm
Amino Acids: present
Oxygen: present
Carbon Dioxide: little
Flow Speed: fast
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19
Q

Tissue Fluid

A

Role: bathes cells, cells exchange substances directly with tissue fluid
Cells: some phagoctytic leucocytes
Proteins: no plasma proteins some hormones and proteins secreted by body
Glucose: less than blood in arteries (used in respiration)
Amino Acids: Less than blood in arteries (used by cells in protein synthesis)
Oxygen: less than blood in arteries (used by cells in respiration)
Carbon dioxide: more than blood in arteries (produced by cells in respiration)
Flow speed: none

20
Q

Lymph

A

Role: returns excess tissue fluid to blood
Cells: lymphocytes (produced in lymph nodes)
Proteins: Some large proteins secreted by cells
Glucose: Less than tissue fluid
Amino Acids: Less than tissue fluid
Oxygen: Less than tissue fluid
Carbon Dioxide: More than blood in arteries
Flow speed: very slow

21
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is blood plasma from which blood clotting factors have been removed using diagnosticc tests i.e. blood typing

22
Q

Plant Biofluid: Cytosol

A

The liquid component of the cytoplasm in the intact cell (excluding any part contained within organelles)

23
Q

Plant Biofluid: Cell Sap

A

The liquid contained within the vacuole. Contains may dissolved substances and contributes to mechanical stability of the plant

24
Q

Plant Biofluid: Phloem Sap

A

Contains dissolved sucrose being transported in the phloem from the leaves where it is made to other parts of the plant

25
Q

Plant Biofluid: Xylem

A

The contents of the xylem tissue in plants carry water from the roots to other parts of the plant. Like the phloem, it contains ions and some organic molecules such as plant hormones but no sucrose

26
Q

CARBOHYDRATES, polymer, monomer, elements

A

Polymer: polysaccharides
Monomer: monosaccharides
Elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

27
Q

PROTEINS, polymer, monomer, elements

A

Polymer: Polypeptides
Monomer: Amino Acids
Elements: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon

28
Q

NUCLEIC ACIDS, polymer, monomer, elements

A

Polymer: polynucleotides
Monomer: nucleotides
Elements: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus

29
Q

Condensation vs Hydrolysis

A

Condensation: lose a water molecule
Hydrolysis: Add a water molecule

30
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

Same molecular formula, but they have a different spatial arrangement of atoms.
The hydrogen group is below the ring in Alpha glucose and above the ring in Beta glucose. ABBA

31
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Ribose: present in ATP and RNA
Deoxyribose: present in DNA
Fructose: fruit sugar, combines with glucose to form sucrose
Galactose: combines with glucose

32
Q

Lactose

A

alpha glucose + galactose. Contains a beta-glycosidic bond
present in milk
energy source for nursing infants
split into alpha glucose and galactose by the enzyme lactase, secreted from the intestinal villi, monosaccharides can then be absorbed.

33
Q

Sucrose

A

alpha glucose + fructose, form of sugar in which carbohydrates are transported in the phloem of plants can also be used as a storage carbohydrate.

34
Q

3 Advantages of storing glucose as a strach/glycogen

A

compact, inter, insoluble in water

35
Q

Starch is a mixture of

A

Amylose and amylopectin

36
Q

Amylose

A

spiral - glycosidic linkages, straight unbranched chain coiled into spiral

37
Q

Amylopectin

A

Branched - Compact branched structure

38
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Add benedict’s reagent, heat to 80C in water and bath for 5 minutres, present = changes blue to red

39
Q

Test for Non-Reducing sugars

A

Add benedict’s reagent and heat to 80C in water bath for 5 minutes. present = changes Blue to orange

40
Q

Test for proteins

A

Add buiret reagent, no heat required. Present = changes blue to purple

41
Q

Test for Starch

A

Add iodine solution, no heat required. Present = changes orange to black

42
Q

Biosensor

A

An analytical devise used to detect the presence of a chemical by using a biological component e.g. an enzyme or antibody. If the chemical binds, a colour or electrical charge is produced.

43
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher water potential inside cell —> animal cell = crenated (shrivelled) —> plant cell = plasmolysed when plasma membrane has pulled away from cell wall

44
Q

Isotonic

A

same water potential inside and outside of cell, no net movment —> Animal cell + plant cell = normal

45
Q

Hypotonic

A

higher water potential outside of cell —> animal cell = lyse (burst), plant cell = turgid (swollen)

Biology (15 decks)

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