Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS/A2 Biology > AS- Topic 1: Molecules > Flashcards

AS- Topic 1: Molecules Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes Water a polar molecule, and what does polar molecule mean?

A

The hydrogen has a slight positive charge, the oxygen has a slight negative charge this is due to the electrons in the covalent bond not being shared evenly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a pH buffer?

A

A chemical or substance that resist pH changes and ensure that the environment maintains a particular pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Give and example of a natural pH buffer

A

Hydrogen carbonate - HCO3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a Monosaccharide?

A

Basic carbohydrate monomers, and are single sugars

Mono - one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the names of the 3 important Monosaccharide groups and what differentiates them?

A

They are grouped based on the number of carbons they have, Not on the shape of the bonds
Trioses- 3 carbons
Pentoses- 5 carbons
Hexoses- 6 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the general formula for Monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between Alpha Glucose and Beta Glucose?

A

On the first carbon of Beta Glucose the hydroxyl and hydrogen switch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What group do the monomers Glucose and Fructose belong to?

A

Hexose, due to them both having 6 carbons

Look at carbons not bonds in the structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

Double sugars, formed through condensation of two Monosaccharides monomers
Di - two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What Monosaccharides make Sucrose?

A

A alpha glucose molecule and a fructose molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What Monosaccharides make Maltose?

A

2 alpha glucose molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

Complex molecules consisting of many Monosaccharide monomers

Poly - many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the reaction called when Monosaccharide monomers react to form Disaccharide’s/ Polysaccharides, and what are the products formed?

A

Condensation, and the Disaccharide along with a molecule of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the reaction called when Disaccharides/Polysaccharides are broken down into Monosaccharide monomers?

A

Hydrolysis, it uses water to break the bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of Starch?

A

An energy store in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 2 Polysaccharides make up Starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are branching and non branching molecules different?

A

Branching molecules release energy faster than non branching molecules because they have more ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Amylose made of?

A

Alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Is Amylose a branching molecule and what bonds hold the individual glucose units together?

A

Not branching, and 1-4 glycosidic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What shape does Amylose take and what’s the advantage of that?

A

A helix which allows it to be compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Amylopectin made of?

A

Alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kinds of bonds hold Amylopectin together?

A

It has 1-4 glycosidic bonds between the individual glucose molecules, also has 1-6 glucosidic to form branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is Amylopectin a branching molecule?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is Amylopectin better than Amylose for energy release?

A

It is able to release energy easier than Amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

It is the way in which animals and fungi store their carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is Glycogen a branching molecule?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How is Glycogen different from Amylopectin and explain the difference

A

It has more branching due to more frequent 1-6 glycosidic bonds, this is because animals need to move and respond to stimuli faster than plants

28
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

To give plant cells structure, it is a structural pollysaccharide

29
Q

What is Cellulose made of?

A

Beta glucose

30
Q

What bonds hold the molecules together?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

31
Q

What has to happen to the glucose molecules to allow them to form bonds?

A

Alternate beta glucose molecules have to be flipped upside down to allow 2 hydroxyl groups to become adjacent to each other

32
Q

What bonds form between parallel chains of beta glucose molecules?

A

Hydrogen bonds

33
Q

What gives Cellulose very high tensile strength?

A

The long chains of beta glucose (microfibrils) laid over each other forms a lattice

34
Q

What are the two types of Lipids?

A

Triglycerides and Phospholipids

35
Q

What is the function of Triglycerides?

A

It is an energy store, provide thermal insulation and a protective cushioning for delicate organs such as kidneys

36
Q

What are Triglycerides?

A

Fats and oils

37
Q

What is the general formula for Triglycerides?

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

38
Q

What are the parts of a Triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

39
Q

What is the difference between a Saturated and a Unsaturated Fatty Acid?

A

A Saturated Fatty Acid contains the max number of hydrogen atoms, whereas Unsaturated Fatty Acid has a C=C bond meaning it has less hydrogens

40
Q

Why is Fat solid at room temperature whereas Oils are liquid.?

A

Fat is made up of all Saturated Fatty Acids, this means there is no space in its structure. Oils are made up of Unsaturated Fatty Acids so due to the C=C bond there is a “kink” in their structure so there is space making it a liquid

41
Q

Does Triglyceride have a charge and explain why

A

It doesn’t as it is a neutral molecule and doesn’t react with water

42
Q

What is the bond called which occurs in a condensation reaction to form Triglycerides?

A

Ester bond

43
Q

What is the function of Phospholipids?

A

Major part of all cell membranes

44
Q

What difference is there between Triglycerides and Phospholipids structure wise?

A

Triglycerides have 3 tails, whereas Phospholipids only have 2 and their last tail is replaced with a phosphate group

45
Q

What will happen if Phospholipids are put into water?

A

It will form a bilayer with the hydrocarbon tails facing each other and the phosphate heads facing into the water

46
Q

What are Proteins?

A

Large macromolecules that are polymers of Amino Acids

47
Q

What causes difference to occur in Amino Acids?

A

The “R” group

48
Q

What is the bond called that occurs between two Animoji Acids and what is the product called?

A

A peptide bond and the product is a dipeptide

49
Q

Are Phospholipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Both, the “head” is hydrophilic due to the phosphate group gibing the molecule a charge. The “tails” are hydrophobic as they have no charge so cannot react with water

50
Q

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

51
Q

What is the Primary structure is proteins?

A

The order of Animo Acids in the chain

52
Q

What is the Secondary structure is proteins?

A

This has 2 major structural patterns, Alpha helix and Beta sheet. Both of these structures are held together with hydrogen bonds

53
Q

What is the Tertiary structure is proteins?

A

This is characterised by globular and more spherical shape, are held together by bonds such as Hydrogen bonds, Disulphide bonds, Ionic bonds, Hydrophobic interactions

54
Q

What is the Quaternary structure is proteins?

A

Made up of more than 1 polypeptide chain, examples would be collagen and haemoglobin

55
Q

What is a Fibrous protein?

A

These proteins tend to form long strands and have a structural role, examples are collagen or keratin

56
Q

What is a Globular protein?

A

These proteins are more spherical in shape and usually have a metabolic role in cells, examples include enzymes and haemoglobin

57
Q

What is a Conjugated protein?

A

It is a protein with non protein parts added to its final functional structure, an example would be haemoglobin

58
Q

What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

59
Q

What reaction happens to join the components of a nucleotide together?

A

Condensation reaction

60
Q

What is the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the ribose sugar of another called?

A

Phosphodiester bond

61
Q

What are the 3 forms of RNA?

A

mRNA-carry coded info from the nucleus to ribosomes
tRNA- responsible for placing amino acids in the correct place in a polypeptide chain
rRNA-is a component of the ribosome

62
Q

What’s the structural difference between DNA and RNA

A

Single stranded- RNA, double stranded- DNA

A,G,C present in DNA and RNA, RNA has U, DNA has T

63
Q

What is the model used to describe the replication of DNA?

A

Semi conservative model

65
Q

What enzyme crates a new complimentary chain to the parent strand in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

66
Q

What enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds in replication of DNA?

A

DNA Helicase

AS/A2 Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions