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Pyschology definitions > AS pyschology Unit 2 > Flashcards

AS pyschology Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Aim?

A

a statement of what the researcher intends to find out in a research study

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2
Q

Hypothesis?

A

a precise, testable statement about the assumed relationship between variables

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3
Q

Dependent Variable
( DV)?

A

The variable measured by the researcher

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3
Q

Independent Variable?
( IV)

A

The variable which is directly manipulated by the experimenter to test its effect on the DV

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4
Q

Debrief?

A

Inform the participant
( P’s) of the true nature

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5
Q

Ethical issues?

A

where this is a conflict of values between the researcher and the participants concerning the goal, procedure or outcome of a study

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6
Q

Operationalise?

A

Make the variables measurable ( numerical)
Temperature vs exam score

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7
Q

Standardised procedure?

A

a set of procedures and instructions that are the same for all participants to make the study repeatable

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8
Q

Experiment?

A

a research method where causal conclusions can be drawn because the IV has been manipulated to observe the causal effect on the DV

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9
Q

Quasi: experiment?

A

the IV is not deliberately manipulated
( naturally occurring)
( gender)

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10
Q

Valid consent?

A

Participants have been given comprehensive information about the study so they can choose whether to participate

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11
Q

Mundane realism?

A

the degree to which the study mirrors the real world

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12
Q

extraneous variables?

A

Does not vary systematically with the IV
( another variable which may influence the IV)
screaming baby, exam room

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13
Q

Confounding variable?

A

variable that is not the independent variable but will vary systematically with the IV
(death of hamster on exam day)

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14
Q

Confederate?

A

someone who knows the true aims of the study and is not a real participant but has been instructed how to behave by the researcher
(milgram)

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15
Q

Pilot study?

A

A small-scale study to look for design improvements

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16
Q

Directional hypothesis?

A

states the direction of the IV and DV ( the higher the temperature in the room, the worst the exam scores)

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17
Q

Non directional hypothesis?

A

Predicts a difference but the direction is not stated
As the temperature is increased, the scores will change

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18
Q

Null hypothesis?

A

There is no relationship between the variables
(as the temperature increases, there will be no effect on the scores)

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19
Q

Alternative hypothesis?

A

the opposite of the null hypothesis and can be directional or non directional

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20
Q

External validity?

A

the degree to which research findings can be generalised to another setting ( ecological validity)

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21
Q

Population validity?

A

the degree to which the research findings can be generalised to another group of people

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22
Q

Historical validity?

A

the degree to which the research findings can be generalised over time

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23
Q

Independent group design?

A

participants are allocated to 2 or more groups, which represent different levels of the IV ( allocation must be done randomly)

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24
Matched pairs design?
participants are matched in terms of age and IQ, where one member of each pair is allocated to a different IV
25
Repeated measures design?
each participant takes part in every condition or level of the IV
26
Lab?
an environment where the extraneous variable can be controlled by the researcher
27
Field?
the participants are observed in their natural environment
28
Single blind design?
the participant is not aware of the true aims of the study
29
Double blind design?
both the participant and the researcher are blind to the true aims of the study
30
Researcher bias?
when the researcher deliberately influences the participants by using leading questions ( trying to put your opinion into question)
31
Oppurtinity sampling?
a sample of participants who are easily available at the time of the study
32
Quota sample?
a fixed number of participants from each strata ( age, gender, ethnicity)
33
Random sampling?
a sample of participants selected using a number generator or names in a hat
34
Snowball sampling?
relies on initial participants finding further participants
35
Systematic sampling?
selecting every nth person ( selecting every 10th person)
36
Stratified sampling?
a sample of participants identified from subgroups according to their frequency in the whole population
37
Self selected sample ( volunteer)
sample of participants who have volunteered to take part in a study
38
Confidentality?
protecting personal information that may be held on a data base about another person
39
Deception?
where a participant is not told the true aims of the study so cannot give valid consent
40
Risk of physical and pscyhological harm?
during research, participants may experience negative physical or psychological effects and must be debriefed at the end of the study
41
presumptive consent?
asking a group of people who are similar to the participants whether they would agree to take part in the study ( it is presumed that the real participants would have agreed)
42
Social desirability bias?
Participants answer questions in a socially desirable way ( show themselves in a better life)
43
Time sampling?
an observational technique where the observer records specific behaviour in a given time interval
44
Non participant observation?
the observer is separate from the people being observed
45
Participant observation?
observations made by someone who is participating in the same activity which makes them less objective
46
Covert observation?
when a participant is unaware that they are being observed ( one-way mirror )
47
Observer bias?
observers expectation effect what they see or hear and reduce the validity of their observation
48
Closed question?
questions that have a predetermined answer from the respondent (good for producing quantitative data)
49
open question?
respondents are invited to provide their own answers produces qualitative data
50
Questionnaire?
data that is collected through the use of written questions
51
Semi structured interview?
interview that begins with general questions but give the respondent more freedom to answer in depth
52
structured interview?
interview where the questions have been decided in advance
53
Case study?
a research investigation that involves a detailed study of a single individual or event ( not generalisable) but it is valid
54
Content analysis?
an observational study where behaviour is observed indirectly in written or verbal material, such as a book, diary or a TV programme
55
Measures of central tendency?
they inform the researcher about the middle values of a set of data they include the mean, the median, and the range
56
Measures of dispersion?
A set of data which is described in terms of how it is dispersed the range, the standard deviation and the variance
57
Mean?
this calculated by adding up all the data and dividing by the number of data items it can only be used with ratio or interval data
58
Median?
all the data items must be arranged in order and the central value is found if there are 2 values in the middle - add them up and divide by 2 can only be used with ratio, interval and ordinal data
59
Mode?
it is the most common data item with nominal data, it is the category with the highest frequency with interval and ordinal data it is the data item that occurs most frequently it is possible to have 2 or more modes ( bimodal or trimodal)
60
Range?
the difference between the highest and the lowest value
61
Standard deviation?
this is a method of expressing the dispersion of a set of data using a formula
62
levels of mesurement
the 4 different types of data nominal ordinal interval ratio
63
Nominal?
data expressed in categories by grouping people ( football teams )
64
Ordinal?
data that is ordered or ranked according to a scale first second third fourth
65
Interval data?
where an artificial scale is used with equal intervals strongly disagree moderately disagree no opinion agree strongly agree
66
Ratio?
there is a true zero value usually used to measure physical quanities such as temperature
67
Barchart?
a graph used to represent the frequency of data, where the categories are on the x axis and there is no true zero
68
Histogram?
the blocks on a histogram are different widths and represent the frequency which is found by calculating the area of the rectangle it is used for continous data, where there is a true zero and there are no spaces between the bars
69
Normal distribution?
a symmetrical bell shaped curve where the central line represents the mean and the standard deviation is measured in incriments either side of the mean
70
Positive skew?
the majority of the scores lie to the left, where the mode is the highest peak , the median is the second highest and the mean is the lowest
71
Negative skew?
most of the scores are to the right the mean is less than the median which is less than the mode
72
Quantitative data?
numerical data usually created from closed questions
73
Qualitative data?
descriptive data that is created from open questions

Pyschology definitions (3 decks)

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