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AS - Particles And Radiation Flashcards

1
Q

Equilibrium point for strong nuclear force

A

0.5 fm

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2
Q

Maximum attraction for strong nuclear force

A

2 fm

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3
Q

Nucleus Diameter

A

3 - 4 fm

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4
Q

Alpha Decay

A

4 He 2 nucleus
decays to give out mass
short range (5cm in air)

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5
Q

Beta - Decay

A

0 e -1 fast moving electron
Decays to change n -> p
Releases an antineutrino (takes away energy and momentum)

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6
Q

Beta + Decay

A

0 e +1 fast moving positron
Decays to change p -> n
Releases a neutrino (takes away energy and momentum)

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7
Q

Gamma Decay

A

Has no mass or charge (it’s a wave)

Decays to give out energy

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8
Q

Neutrinos

A

Conserves energy in beta decays
Has no charge and almost no mass
1930 - Wolfgang Pauli found the neutrino
1955 - Neutrino was observed

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9
Q

Atomic Structure

A

A Na Z
A = p + n (nucleon number)
Z = p = e (proton number)

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10
Q

Isotopes

A

Same proton number, different nucleon number

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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11
Q

Specific Charge

A

Specific Charge (C/kg) = Charge (C) / Mass (kg)

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12
Q

Proton Charge and Mass

A

p+

  1. 6x10-19 C
  2. 67x10-27 kg
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13
Q

Neutron Charge and Mass

A

n
0 C
1.67x10-27 kg

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14
Q

Electron Charge and Mass

A

e-

  • 1.6x10-19 C
    9. 11x10-31 kg
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15
Q

Photons Equations

A

EM radiation exists as photons
Energy (J) = Planck’s Constant (Js) x Frequency (Hz)
Energy (J) = Planck’s Constant (Js) x Speed (m/s) / Wavelength (m)

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16
Q

Proton and Antiproton Rest Energy

A

938MeV

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17
Q

Neutron and Antineutron Rest Energy

A

939MeV

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18
Q

Electron and Positron Rest Energy

A

0.511MeV

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19
Q

Neutrino and Antineutrino Rest Energy

A

0MeV

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20
Q

J to eV and eV to J

A

J to eV - divide by 1.6x10-19
eV to J - multiply by 1.6x10-19
eV is the work done when an electron moves through a pd of 1V

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21
Q

Pair Production

A

E min = hf min = 2E
1 photon : 1 particle
Produces particle and antiparticle
Energy (photon) -> mass (e+ and e-)

22
Q

Annihilation

A 
E min = hf min = E
Produces energy (photons)
Mass (e+ and e-) -> Energy (2 x photons)
23
Q

Electron Capture

A

p+ + e- -> n + Ve
W+ boson
Arrow from proton to electron

24
Q

Electron - Proton Collisions

A

e- + p+ -> n + Ve
W- boson
Arrow from electron to proton

25
Electromagnetic Force
Virtual photon Affects all charged particles Infinite range
26
Weak Nuclear Force
W+ and W- bosons Affects all particles Short range
27
Strong Nuclear Force
Pions Affects hadrons only Short range
28
Gravitational Force
Graviton Affects anything with mass Infinite range
29
Up Quarks
Charge = 2/3 Strangeness = 0 Baryon number = 1/3
30
Anti Up Quarks
Charge = -2/3 Strangeness = 0 Baryon number = -1/3
31
Down Quarks
Charge = -1/3 Strangeness = 0 Baryon number = 1/3
32
Anti Down Quarks
Charge = 1/3 Strangeness = 0 Baryon number = -1/3
33
Strange Quarks
Charge = -1/3 Strangeness = -1 Baryon number = 1/3
34
Anti Strange Quarks
Charge = 1/3 Strangeness = 1 Baryon number = -1/3
35
Lepton Rules
Lepton number must be conserved e- can only produce Ve Muon- can only produce Vmuon
36
Conservation Rules
Energy and charge must be conserved (all reactions) Lepton numbers must be conserved Strangeness must be conserved (strong force reactions) Baryon numbers must be conserved
37
Hadrons
Strong force | Baryons and mesons
38
Baryons
QQQ Proton (uud) Neutron (udd)
39
Mesons
Qq Pion Kaon
40
Leptons
``` Fundamental Weak force Muon Electron Tau Neutrinos ```
41
Stopping Potential
Minimum V needed to stop electron emission (Vs) At Vs, Ek = 0 Ek max = eVs e = electron charge
42
Vacuum Photocell
When f > f min in incident light, electrons from cathode are attracted to anode Ammeter measures photoelectric current I is proportional to electrons per second Number of electrons = I / e
43
Photoelectric Effect In A Photocell
Each photo electron can only absorb one photon Intensity = number of photons Ek max = hf - ø
44
Work Function (ø)
Electrons can leave a metal's surface if E > ø f min = ø / h Excess energy = Ek Power of a beam P = nhf
45
Photoelectric Effect Conditions
Incident EM radiation must have f > f min Frequency depends on metal (f = c / wavelength) Intensity does not affect electron emission (no delay)
46
Ionisation
p =/= e Adding electrons = - Removing electrons = +
47
Excitation
Energy is absorbed from colliding electrons without electrons leaving the atom Energy levels are discrete and only happens at those values Excitation energy < ionisation energy
48
Energy Levels
``` Lowest = ground state Energy = energy level value E of emitted photon = E1 - E2 Uses E from incoming photon Electrons de excite (fall down energy levels) and release a photon ```
49
Fluorescent Tubes
Tube contains mercury vapour at low pressure Power supply => mercury atoms collide and cause ionisation and excitation Mercury releases UV photons, they're absorbed by coating and excite UV de excites to release visible photons
50
Line Spectra
Every atom has a different composition | Each line of colour corresponds to an energy level
51
Wave - Particle Duality
Wave - diffraction (spreads out in waves) | Particle - photoelectric effect (1:1 with immediate emission)
52
De Broglie Wavelength
Wavelength = h / mv Electron diffraction - electrons are fired through a thin foil slit and spread out producing circles on a screen pd + = v + = rings - = wavelength - = diffraction - Electrons diffract by the same amount at the same angle

Physics (7 decks)

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