AS Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is the general formula?
An algebraic formula that can describe any member of a family of compounds
E.g. CnH2n+1OH for alcohols
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
Whats the molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is the structural formula?
Shows the atoms carbon by carbon with the attached hydrogens and functional groups
E.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2OH
What is skeletal formula?
Shows the bonds of the carbon skeleton only with any functional groups, the hydrogen and carbon atoms aren’t shown
What is the displayed formula?
Shows how all the atoms are arranged and all the bonds between them
What is a homologous series?
A group of compounds that contain the same functional group, they can all be represented by the same general formula
What is the prefix/suffix of an alkane?
-ane
What is the prefix/suffix of a branched alkane?
- alkyl
What is the prefix/suffix of an alkene?
-ene
What is the prefix/suffix of halogenoalkanes?
Fluoro- / chloro- / bromo- / iodo-
What is the prefix/suffix of alcohols?
-ol
What is the prefix/suffix of aldehydes?
-al
What is the prefix/suffix of ketones?
-one
What is the prefix/suffix of carboxylic acids?
-oic acid
What is the prefix/suffix of esters?
Alkyl- -oate
What is the prefix/suffix of amines?
-amine
What is the prefix/suffix of amides?
-amide
What is the prefix/suffix of acyl chlorides?
-oyl chloride
What is the prefix/suffix of cycloalkanes?
Cyclo- - ane
What is the prefix/suffix of arenes?
-benzene
Phenyl-
What are the rules of nomenclature?
1- count the longest continuous carbon chain = meth- eth- prop- but- pent- hex-
2- main functional groups gives you the suffix
3- if more than one longest chain, pick the one with most side-chains
4- write the carbon number that the functional group is on before the suffix
5- side chains = prefixes in alphabetical order with the carbon number attached
6- more than one identical chain then di- tri- or tetra-
What is an isomer?
Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
What are structural isomers?
Atoms are connected in different ways, so they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently
What are chain isomers?
- different arrangements on the carbon skeleton
- some are straight chains some are branched
What are positional isomers?
- same skeleton and the same atoms or groups of atoms attached
- functional group of group of atoms is attached to a different carbon
What are functional group isomers?
Same atoms arranged into different functional groups
What are stereoisomers?
Same structural formula but a different arrangement in space
- double bonds cannot rotate, they are planar
- restricted rotation causes E/Z isomerism
How are the groups of atoms arranged in E-isomers?
On opposite sides/ across from each other
Epposite or E for enemies
How are the atoms arranged in Z-isomers?
On the same side either above of below the double bond
Zame zide = same side
How can the CIP priority rules help to identify an E or Z isomer?
- assign a priority by looking at the atoms directly bonded to the C=C bond, the atoms with the higher atomic number on each carbon is given higher priority
- see how the two higher priority groups are arranged
- may have to look further along the chain to work out priorities
