AS Migration

Question 1

Stepped migration

Answer 1

A rural migrant initially moves to a small rural town, then later moves to a city.

Question 2

Relay migration

Answer 2

At different stages in a family’s life cycle, different people take different responsibility for migration to improve the family’s financial position.

Question 3

Chain migration

Answer 3

After one or two pioneering migrants move to a place, others from the same rural community follow.

Question 4

Assimilation

Answer 4

The absorption and integration of people, ideas, or culture into a wider society or culture.

Question 5

Intervening obstacles

Answer 5

Things that get in the way of a migrant between place of origin and destination. These include distance, cost and legal restraints like immigration law.

Question 6

Voluntary migration

Answer 6

Individuals or households have a free choice about whether or where to move.

Question 7

Forced migration

Answer 7

Where individuals or households have little or no choice but to move.

Question 8

Todaro model

Answer 8

The idea that migrants make rational decisions based on accurate information, and they are willing to tolerate short-term difficulties in return for a better future.

Question 9

Stark’s ‘new economics of migration’ model

Answer 9

Migration is a rational decision, but households are more important to understand than individual choice. Families share the costs and rewards of some members migrating.

Question 10

Marxist and structuralist theory

Answer 10

Rural people are alienated from the land and have no choice but to migrate. Capitalists can exert greater control over, and take advantage of, migrant workers.

Question 11

Structuration theory

Answer 11

A more nuanced viewpoint than structuralist theory. The rules designed to regulate migration also provide opportunity and room to negotiate for migrants.

Question 12

Gender analysis

Answer 12

Men and women respond to migration push and pull factors in different ways. This also considers gender discrimination and migration.

Question 13

Three sources of migration data

Answer 13

1. population censuses
2. population registers
3. social surveys

Question 14

Periods of government attitudes to migration

Answer 14

1. Few government controls on migration before 1914.
2. Overtly racist government policies, 1914-1945.
3. Europe encourages labor migration after WW2.
4. Slow economic growth and rising unemployment led to tighter immigration policies, from 1970s to today.

Question 15

Constraints on migration

Answer 15

1. ‘Closing up’ (selling homes, leaving parents) at point of origin.
2. Cost of movement.
3. Costs of ‘opening up’ at point of destination.