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Chemistry > AS Chemistry Unit 2 Definitions > Flashcards

AS Chemistry Unit 2 Definitions Flashcards

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0
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

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1
Q

Nucleophile

A

An electron pair donor

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2
Q

Molecular formula

A

Actual whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound

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3
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of compounds having the same functional group and general formula but with each successive member differing by CH2

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4
Q

Structural formula

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule (ie CH3CH2CH3)

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5
Q

Electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

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6
Q

Empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound

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7
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space

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8
Q

Displayed formula

A

A formula that shows the relative positioning of all atoms and bonds within a structure

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9
Q

Bond fission

A

The baking of a covalent bond

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10
Q

Structural isomer

A

Molecules with the Mae molecular formula but with different structural formula

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11
Q

Heterolytic bond fission

A

The breaking of. Covalent bond with both of the shared pair of electrons going to one of the atoms forming ions

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12
Q

E/Z isomerism

A

An example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation about a double c bond and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the double C bond

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13
Q

Cis/trans isomerism

A

A special case of E/Z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are the same

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14
Q

General formula

A

Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series (ie CnH2n+2. Fr alkanes)

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15
Q

Homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the shared pair of electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

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16
Q

Skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from carbon chains, leaving jus a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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17
Q

Functional group

A

Group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

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18
Q

Biofuel

A

Fuel derived from recently living plant material ( bio ethanol/ biodiesel)

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19
Q

% yield

A

The mass/moles of product expressed as a percentage of what you should obtain assuming complete conversion. Actual mass/moles/ theoretical mass/moles *100

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20
Q

Carbon capture and storage

A

The removal of waste carbon dioxide as a liquid injected deep in the oceans, as storage in deep rock formations or by reaction with metal oxides to form stable carbonate minerals

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21
Q

Atom economy

A

A measure of how much of the products are useful

22
Q

(Free) radical

A

Species that has an unpaired electron

23
Q

Le chateliers principle

A

The position of equilibrium will shift as to minimise the effect of any change in condition

24
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

Wen in a closed system, the rate of both the forward reaction and the backwards reactions are equal

25
Q

Catalyst

A

Speeds up the rate of the reaction without being used up in the process

26
Q

Rate of reaction

A

The change in concentration of a reactant or product in a given time ( concentration / time = moldm-3s-1 )

27
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy required for the reactants to react together

28
Q

Empirical formula

A

Slimmest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound

29
Q

Skeletal formula

A

A simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from carbon chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

30
Q

Homologous series

A

A series of compounds having the same functional group and general formula but with each successive member differing by ch2

31
Q

Structural formula

A

The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

32
Q

Free radical substitution

A

A reaction involving alkanes that involves the substitution of at least one hydrogen atom with a halogen atom via initiation, propagation and termination of radicals, themselves formed from homolytic fission

33
Q

Saturated

A

A compound with no double bonds, only single carbon to carbon bonds

34
Q

Cracking

A

The breaking down of long chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture shorter chained alkanes and alkenes

35
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Separation of components in a mixture into fractions, in which each one differs in their boiling points.

36
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

A compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

37
Q

General formula

A

Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

38
Q

Molecular formula

A

Actual whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound

39
Q

Displayed formula

A

A formula that shows the relative positioning of all atoms and binds within a structure

40
Q

Unsaturated

A

A compound that contains at least one carbon to carbon double bond

41
Q

Functional group

A

Group of atoms in a molecule responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

42
Q

Structural isomer

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula

43
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

Reaction that requires the input of heat energy from the surroundings

44
Q

Standard conditions

A

Pressure of 100KPa and temperature of 298K

45
Q

Exothermic reactions

A

Reaction that releases heat energy to the surroundings

46
Q

Standard enthalpy change of a reaction

A

Enthalpy change when the number of moles of reactants as specified in the balanced chemical equation react together in their standard states under standard conditions

47
Q

Enthalpy change of combustion

A

Enthalpy change for the complete combustion of 1 mole of a substance

48
Q

Average bond enthalpy

A

Average enthalpy change when one mole of bonds are broken in the gaseous state

49
Q

Standard enthalpy change of combustion

A

Enthalpy change for the combustion in oxygen of 1 mole of a substance under standard conditions. All reactants and products are in their standard states.

50
Q

Hess’s law

A

The enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway taken

51
Q

Enthalpy change and formation

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements

52
Q

Enthalpy change of a reaction

A

Enthalpy change when the number of moles of reactants as specified in a balanced chemical equation react together

53
Q

Standard enthalpy change of formation

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions. All the reactants and products are in their standard states.

Chemistry (4 decks)

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