artworks Flashcards
1
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Liang Kai, The 6th Chan Patriarch Chopping Bamboo, Undated, Southern Song Dynasty, Hanging Scroll, Ink on Paper
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- <!--[endif]-->Kai treats a Chan Buddhist theme
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
o <!--[endif]-->Life of the Tang dynasty monk Hui-neng, the 6th patriarch and author of the Platform Sutra
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Chan theme and technique come together
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Lines consistent in their density
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Thick and heavy angular lines create agitated style
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Vigorous brushwork suggests the sharp, quick strokes of the knife
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
o <!--[endif]-->Energy of Kai’s brushwork manifests the energy of Hui-neng chopping bamboo
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Much lighter, wispy hair contrasts the blankness of his clothing and the blank angular lines
<!--EndFragment-->
2
Q
A
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Liang Kai, Sakyamuni Descending from the Mountains, Undated, Southern Song Dynasty, Hanging Scroll, Ink and Color on Silk
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- <!--[endif]-->Image of Sakyamuni who failed to attain wisdom, in spite of a long period of ascetic practices, descending from his abode on the mountain
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- <!--[endif]-->Ink on silk = much more flowing
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- <!--[endif]-->Contrasts his agitated style
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- <!--[endif]-->Attention to detail
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o <!--[endif]-->Precise, realistic expression of the figure
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- <!--[endif]-->Seal reads, “Liang Kai, painted before his excellency,” which indicates that it was painted in the Imperial palace
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3
Q
A
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Zhiwen Ruojing, Active mid-13th Century, The Sixth Patriarch Carrying a Pole, Hanging Scroll, Ink on Paper
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- <!--[endif]-->Inscribed by the prominent Chan abbot Yanxi Guangwen
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- <!--[endif]-->Depicts Huineng, the legendary sixth patriarch of Chan Buddhism, captured in a celebrated episode from his youth recorded in Song-period hagiographies
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o <!--[endif]-->When still a woodcutter supporting his feeble mother, Huineng embarked on a path to awakening when one day, while selling brushwood in the city markey, he became mesmerized by a distant intonation of the Diamond Sutra
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- <!--[endif]-->Captures a moment of auditory immersion and spiritual enchantment
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- <!--[endif]-->Against the void of an unpainted background, Huineng stands inactive, bearing a pole on his left shoulder, an axe and rope to secure brushwood dangling from it
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- <!--[endif]-->The captivated expression of his face as well as the absence of tension in his body – suggested by his slumped neck and shoulders and the dead weight of his left forearm bearing down on the pole – indicate the patriarch’s total absorption in the wafting incantation
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o <!--[endif]-->Painting’s dimness only accentuated by the black touches of ink applied to the figure’s upper eyelids, pupils, nostrils, and inner ear
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4
Q
A
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Muqi (mid-13th century), Triptych: Guanyin, Gibbon and Crane, Undated, Southern Song Dynasty, Hanging Scrolls, Ink and Color on Silk, 173.3 x 99.3 cm, Daitokuji, Kyoto
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- <!--[endif]-->Represent a set of three favorite Chinese subjects in a uniquely puzzling combination
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§ <!--[endif]-->Depicted with criss crossed legs or arms and criss cross gnarled branches
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§ <!--[endif]-->Looseness of free brushwork draws us to the freedom of the spontaneous style
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§ <!--[endif]-->More the enigma of the koan than an outright Buddhist depiction
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§ <!--[endif]-->Filled with emptiness of mists
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- <!--[endif]-->Figure creates a triangle, resting on a rock in the mountains
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- <!--[endif]-->Guanyin = bodhisattva of compassion
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o <!--[endif]-->Also known as Kannon or Avalokiteshvara
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o <!--[endif]-->On the crane and gibbon
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- <!--[endif]-->The center of the empire and the Imperial painting academy
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5
Q
A
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Red-Robed Bodhidharma, (Inscribed by Lanqi Daolong/Daikaku), ca. 1260, Hanging Scroll, ink and colors on silk
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- <!--[endif]-->One of the earliest and most significant works of Zen figural subject matter to survive Japan
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- <!--[endif]-->Depicts the first patriarch of China dressed and hooded in a red robe, seated cross-legged on a flat rock against a blank background
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o <!--[endif]-->The implied setting of the painting is a mountain cave in the vicinity of the monastery Shaolinsi on Mt. Song in Henan Province, where Bodhidharma is said to have meditated faving a wall for nin years after a frustrating encounter with Emperor Wu of the Liang dynasty in southern China
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o <!--[endif]-->The inscription is by Lanqi Daolong, a Chinese monk who came to Japan in 1246 and became the founding abbot of Kenchoji in Kamakura. It reads as follows:
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§ <!--[endif]-->The youngest son of King Xiangzhi, the faithful follower of Prajnatara’s lineage. Seeing through the heretical views of the Six Sects in India He came to China and his teaching flowered into a beautiful five-petaled blossom, whose fragrance has now reached Japan. Auspicious signs are as endless as the Ganges. Shaolin Monastery—the sprouting of the miraculous bud has not been hindered. Now it has rooted in the presence of a noble figure and is growing into an extraordinary flower. Respectfully inscribed for Layman Ronen by Lanqi Daolong, Abbot of Kenchoji.
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- <!--[endif]-->Left in reserve = leaving part of the silk left blank
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o <!--[endif]-->Emphasis on the face primarily and the red of the robe draped over the body itself
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Small indication of landscape
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->In order to demonstrate their mastery of this dharma transmission
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Interaction between text and image = important
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o <!--[endif]-->Trying to insert himself into the dharma history
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Importance of the face in comparison to the blankness of the rest of the image and the emptiness of the robe
<!--EndFragment-->
6
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A
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* Portrait of Lanqi Daolong in Walking Meditation*, 14th Century, Kamakura Period, Hanging Scroll, Colors on Silk, Kenchoji, Kamakura
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Pictures a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, idealist philosopher, and is the founder of the Kencho-ji sect, a branch of the Rinzai school
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o <!--[endif]-->Entered temple life at the age of thirteen
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Wears a very specific robe which adds context to the image
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
o <!--[endif]-->Brooch = one example of a larger use of realism
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->He’s walking in meditation but his feet are facing the audience while he seems to be walking to the side
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->When you receive the dharma transmission you receive the robe from their master = importance of robes
<!--EndFragment-->
7
Q
A
Portrait of Seated Lanqi Daolong, 13th Century, Kamakura Period, Wood, lacquer, crystal, Kenchoji, Kamakura
Introduction of realist structure
Proliferation of founder and master sculptures
Tie the transmission histories to the founders and the lineage
They are representative of the dharma transmission (what people want to achieve when they come to the temple)
Use of lacquer
Acts a sealing for the wood
Can last for a very long time
Allows for high polish
In some cases, allows for carving
Crystal in his eyes
Ritual performance in “opening the eyes”
Seen as the embodiment of the spiritual and physical presence of the particular person
A way of connecting people who are training to the dharma transmission
Attention to the body itself and the mass of the figure
He is not the Buddha, he is rather Bodhidharma who sits in front of the wall and reaches enlightenment
Installed in the temple and monks who were training could exist in the same presence as the founder of the Kenchoji temple
Sculptural realism: sculpted in the round; three-dimensional, life-like
8
Q
A
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Portrait of Lanqi Daolong, Inscribed by Lanqi Daolong, 1271, Kamakura Period, Hanging Scroll, Colors on Silk, Kenchoji, Kamakura
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- <!--[endif]-->Pictures a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, calligrapher, idealist philosopher, and is the founder of the Kencho-ji sect, a branch of the Rinzai school
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o <!--[endif]-->Entered temple life at the age of thirteen
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- <!--[endif]-->Used as gifts given to disciples by a Zen Master
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- <!--[endif]-->Reminders of Zen master’s teachings and were hung in temples
<!--EndFragment-->
9
Q
A
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Mincho (1351-1431), Portrait of Enni, 14th-15th Century, Tofukuji, Kyoto, Hanging Scroll, Ink and Color on Paper
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Giving of portrait paintings of the master to the student occurred when receiving the dharma transmission
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Textiles draped on the chair is elaborate
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Chinzo portrait: portrays distinguished monks
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->They were done in a “warts and all” style with little attempt at flattery
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->The spirit of the man was the point: the appearance was merely ephemeral
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->Depicts an old man, blind in one eye, with grumpy mouth and slippers on a stool before him
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- <!--[endif]-->The effect is to emphasize the human frailty of one who strove for perfection
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10
Q
A
Josetsu, Catching Catfish with a Gourd, 15th Century (Muromachi period), Hanging scroll, ink and light color on silk
The bottom of the painting shows a small river running into what looks like a march
Reeds grow in the shallow water and bamboo is growing on the bank
Tall mountains in the background, but so much fog that we cannot see them very well
In the center stands the shabby looking figure of a man, face is covered with whiskers and clothes are ragged, holding a gourd down towards an enormous catfish in the water below
31 poems written across the top by different poets
Placed in a welcoming hall of a shogun
Gourd represents something that is illusive
Gourd could be a visual representation of the mind; he’s trying to control his mind
Catfish represents something that cannot be controlled, also mythical creating
Using the mind to catch the original mind
Mirroring of the figure with the branch and side of the river
11
Q
A
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Pavilion in a Beautiful Field (Shigajiku), 15th Century (Japan), Hanging Scroll, Ink and Slight Color on Paper
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- <!--[endif]-->From powerpoint:
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o <!--[endif]-->Among the works of the retired scholar [Su] Dongpo, there is a poem regarding the Garden of Solitary Delights of Sima Duke Wen. In it are the words flowers, bamboo, luxurious, and wild. Also the poem by Fan Huangzhong in memory of Tao Jinjie [Yuanming] says, ‘I cannot see Yuanming, but can see the chrysanthemums, which must suffice.’ As for these gentlemen, they are evoked by seeing certain things. I imitate the form used by Fan and think about Wengong.
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o <!--[endif]-->The mountains and rivers on four sides are like walls
the small grass hut is luxurious and wild
If you step into the garden, you can see the chrysanthemums
but not the patrician-robed Sima Guang
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- <!--[endif]-->Chinese-inspired “poem-picture” scrolls were popular among Japanese patrons in the fifteenth century
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o <!--[endif]-->Many works in this tradition are of a celebratory nature and center on the theme of scholarly reclusion
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- <!--[endif]-->In this scroll, a study is depicted in a serene and secluded landscape
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- <!--[endif]-->The inscriptions were written by two Japanese monks in which they appended themselves to a lineage of Chinese scholars by referring to past writings
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- <!--[endif]-->Japan looked to China for cultural inspiration
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o <!--[endif]-->In China, intellectual life was exemplified by the male scholar-recluse who withdrew from mundane concerns and devoted himself to quiet study and contemplation
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12
Q
A
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Su Shih (1036-1101), Old Tree, Bamboo and Rock, Undated, Northern Song Dynasty, Handscroll, Ink on Paper
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- <!--[endif]-->Landscape painting entered a period of sudden development during early Song Dynasties
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- <!--[endif]-->Monochrome ink style
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- <!--[endif]-->Literati style painting
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o <!--[endif]-->The literati were the Confucian-trained men who had been groomed to pass the national civil service examinations, and while their education included mastery of the literature of history and thought, it also taught them the skills of poetry and calligraphy, and, for some, this led to an interest in painting as well. Not trained as technical experts in the academic style of painting, literati nevertheless shared command of the painter’s chief tool: the brush. Literati came to idealize the model of the scholar who so embodied the evolved patterns of civilization that his character could be viewed and appreciated through the dynamics of his brushwork. They saw themselves overcoming any lack of technical expertise with the far more substantial values of cultural and ethical virtue, expressed kinetically and aesthetically.
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- <!--[endif]-->Su Shi was a brilliant poet, calligrapher, and scholar-official
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- <!--[endif]-->This painting highlights the calligraphic elements of the brush strokes by simplifying the form
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o <!--[endif]-->Does not bother to complete the features of the tree
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- <!--[endif]-->His painting resonates with simplified paintings associated with Song era Zen Buddhism
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- <!--[endif]-->Prefigures the rich tradition of literati painting
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13
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Fan Kuan (act. 990-1030), Traveling among Mountains and Streams, Undated, ca. 1000, Northern Song Dynasty, Hanging Scroll, Ink and Light Color on Silk
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- <!--[endif]-->Expresses a cosmic vision of man’s harmonious existence in a vast but orderly universe
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- <!--[endif]-->Kuan’s landscape epitomizes the early Northern Song monumental style of landscape painting
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o <!--[endif]-->Its seven feet of height presents universal creation in its totality
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- <!--[endif]-->The immense boulders that occupy the foreground are presented to the viewer at eye level
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o <!--[endif]-->Just beyond the boulders is detailed brushwork describing rocky outcroppings covered with trees
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o <!--[endif]-->In the background a central peak rises from a mist-filled chasm and is flanked by two smaller peaks
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o <!--[endif]-->The height of the central peak is accentuated by a waterfall plummeting from a crevice near the summit and disappearing into the narrow valley
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- <!--[endif]-->To convey the size of the landscape Kuan relied on suggestion rather than description
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o <!--[endif]-->Gaps between the three distances act as breaks between changing views
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o <!--[endif]-->The boulders in the foreground, the tree-covered rock, and the soaring peaks in the background do not physically connect; they are comprehended separately
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o <!--[endif]-->The viewer is invited to imagine himself roaming freely, yet one must mentally jump from one distance to the next
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14
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A
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Ma Yuan (late 12th-early 13th century), On a Mountain Path in Spring, Undated, Southern Song Dynasty, Album leaf, ink and slight color on silk
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- <!--[endif]-->The style is intimate, lyrical, and delicate
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o <!--[endif]-->Contrasts the meticulous execution of the Northern song masters
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15
Q
A
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Wang Fu (1362-1416), Scholar’s Retreat amidst Autumn Trees, Undated, Hanging Scroll, Ink on Paper
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- <!--[endif]-->Wang Fu contributed to the formation of a new, distinctively Ming style
<!--[if !supportLists]-->
- <!--[endif]-->The landscape provides a placid view over a scholar’s study located on an island
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- <!--[endif]-->There is a blank space separating the foreground and the background, which are respectively dominated by vertical trees and horizontal mountains
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- <!--[endif]-->Tranquil mood; calligraphic, bolder, more simplified rendition of ink
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- <!--[endif]-->The foreground trees are rendered in a more spontaneous manner
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- <!--[endif]-->More surface bound brushwork but also a strong contrast of light and dark tones
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o <!--[endif]-->Loosely applied dark ink on the rocks and sprightly foliage dots indicate that the painter had no intention to unify the picture with “subtle transformations” and “minor variations”
<!--EndFragment-->
31
Q
A
Ginkaku (Silver Pavilion), Jishōji, Kyoto, 1483
- A summer house(vacation home for Shogun)
- Mix of Chinese and Japanese architecture. Tile roof= Chinese, slanted eves =Japanese
- Fabricated look of a natural landscape
32
Q
A
Garden of Daisenin,
Daitokuji, Kyoto
Early 16th Century
The garden at Daisen-in (1509-1513) took a more literary approach than Ryōan-ji. There a “river” of white gravel represents a metaphorical journey through life; beginning with a dry waterfall in the mountains, passing through rapids and rocks, and ending in a tranquil sea of white gravel, with two gravel mountains.
35
Q
A
