Artikel 1 - 2

Question 1

Machine Intelligence Still Lags Behind Human Cognitive Abilities

Answer 1

Despite significant progress in machine intelligence over the past few decades, humans continue to outperform computers in many natural cognitive tasks such as object recognition, language comprehension, and planning [18].
The fluidity, adaptability, open-endedness, creativity, purposefulness, and insightfulness associated with human cognitive abilities remain elusive in machines [20].

Question 2

Progress in Chess and Vision but not without Human Ingenuity
- Deep Fritz

Answer 2

Computers have made strides in specific areas like chess, where Deep Fritz defeated the world champion Vladimir Kramnik in 2006 [20].

However, this achievement is attributed more to clever programming and brute force rather than actual learning by the machine.

Question 3

Progress in Chess and Vision but not without Human Ingenuity
- progress in vision tasks

Answer 3

Similar progress has been observed in vision, with computational approaches achieving human-like performance in animal/non-animal categorization tasks [19].
Yet, these advancements still rely heavily on human guidance and intervention.

Question 4

Limitations of Machine Intelligence: Narrow Focus and Lack of Open-Endedness
- Example

Answer 4

A significant limitation of machine intelligence is its narrow focus, which contrasts sharply with the generalized thinking characteristic of humans.

For instance, a bridge-playing computer program may not consider external factors that a human player would use to influence their decisions [20].

Question 5

The Role of Computational Power

Answer 5

The gap between human and machine intelligence could be due to computational power.
The human brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, capable of performing around 100 trillion calculations per second [20].
Current supercomputers can manage only a fraction of this capacity, suggesting that increased computational power could bring artificial intelligence closer to human cognition.
However, it is unlikely that computational power alone will bridge this gap.

Question 6

Limitations of Machine Intelligence
(2)

Answer 6

One major limitation of machine intelligence is its narrow focus.
Current systems are unable to bring in information from outside a domain to think and reason within it, unlike humans [20].
This lack of open-endedness is a significant shortfall in machine intelligence.

Additionally, machines still rely heavily on human programmers and lack the fluidity, adaptability, creativity, purposefulness, and insightfulness of human cognition.