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Repro Bio 3 > Artificial insemination > Flashcards

Artificial insemination Flashcards

1
Q

2 main reasons for AI

A
  • genetic improvement (more breeding, no geographic issues, sex preselection)
  • prevent disease transmission (no direct contact, process semen)
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2
Q

main goal of AI

A

pregnancy - sufficient fertile sperm at the site of fertilization when the egg arrives

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3
Q

what do you need to be successful at to achieve pregnancy (3)

A
  • semen collection
  • semen extension/preservation
  • insemination (semen handling, placement, timing)
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4
Q

3 procedures for semen collection

A
  • electroejaculation
  • manual stimulation
  • artificial vagina
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5
Q

what is electroejaculation

A

pre-rectum stimulation of pelvic nerves with electrical pulses to stimulate involuntary emission and ejaculation

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6
Q

why is electroejaculation not the preferred method

A
  • welfare concerns

- inferior sample quality

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7
Q

how to do a good job with electroejaculation

A
  • localize stimulus to the desired area (ventral electrodes, finger electrodes)
  • use minimum voltage necessary (stepwise increases, rhythmic application)
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8
Q

when is electroejaculation used

A
  • wildlife/zoo collections (when anesthetized)
  • one time procedure for breeding soundness exam in intractible/non artificial vagina trained animals (bulls/rams while conscious, deer/cats while anesthetized)
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9
Q

when is manual semen collection done

A
  • tame enough
  • ejaculation primarily in response to glans pressure
  • boar, dog, rooster
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10
Q

manual collection of boar

A
  • “gloved hand technique”
  • boar trained to mount dummy sow –> gloved hand encircles penis, applies pressure to glans penis
  • semen collected in wide jar with cheesecloth to separate off gel fraction
  • takes 3-20 minutes
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11
Q

manual collection of dog

A
  • mounted on a bitch or more often on the ground +/- bitch present
  • penis massaged through prepuce –> prepuce slid behind bulbus glandis, penis encircled with thumb/forefinger –> dog steps over arm so penis is caudal
  • semen collected into jar (sperm-rich fraction is second, just collect enough 3rd fraction to get volume)
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12
Q

manual collection of birds

A
  • restrained while the area around the vent is massaged while stroking the back –> erection of phallus (protrudes above floor of cloaca) –> massaged until ejaculation
  • semen collected in small cup or aspirated in tube
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13
Q

what is an artificial vagina

A
  • basic design for all
  • water jacket provides stimulatory temp (above female temp), pressure
  • collection device attached to one end
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14
Q

bull and artificial vagina

A
  • trained to mount a dummy or steer
  • pre-collection stimulation sequence (sexual preparation) to maximize sperm collected each time –> “sexual preparation”
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15
Q

what is sexual preparation of bull

A
  • for increasing semen collected

- watch other bulls collect –> false mount –> restraint near stimulus animal –> 2-3 false mounts –> ejaculation

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16
Q

sheep and artificial vagina

A
  • similar to bulls without prestimulation

- generally mount a restrained ewe

17
Q

stallions and artificial vagina

A
  • mounted on either an estrous mare or trained to a phantom (dummy) mount
  • false mounts/teasing give increased semen volume but NOT increased sperm number (increases accessory fluid -> useless)
18
Q

cats and artificial vagina

A

can be trained to use it

19
Q

what is semen analyzed for

A
  • motility
  • concentration (sperm/mL)
  • volume
  • morphology
20
Q

3 ways semen can be used

A
  • liquid fresh (raw state)
  • liquid state following extension and cooling off to room or refrigerator temperature
  • frozen (cryopreserved) in liquid nitrogen
21
Q

uses for raw semen

A
  • fairly common in canine AI

- occasionally in horse farms

22
Q

advantages/disadvantages of raw semen

A
  • pro: can’t hurt it with incompatible extender

- con: don’t have advantages of extended semen

23
Q

purpose of using semen extender (6)

A
  • more volume = more stable in temp changes
  • nutrient source
  • stabilize/protect sperm plasma membrane (cooling)
  • antibiotics prevent diseases/bacteria
  • buffers prevent pH changes
  • maintain osmolarity
24
Q

purpose of cooling semen

A
  • cooler temp = longer some fertility is maintained

- only slow down deterioration though

25
Q

disadvantage of frozen semen

A

lower fertility due to cold damage done on the sperm that decreases the number of viable sperm and fertile life of those that are viable

26
Q

procedure for freezing semen

A
  • semen mixed with extender in absence of cryoprotectant
  • mixture slowly cooled to 4C
  • add cryoprotecant
  • semen packaged into individual doses
  • semen cooled rapidly and stored in liquid nitrogen
27
Q

insemination of the cow

A
  • rectovaginal method
  • hand in rectum grasps cervix while other hand passes insemination gun through vagina
  • manipulation allows passage of tip of gun to body of uterus where sperm expelled
28
Q

insemination of the mare

A
  • vaginal technique
  • hand in vagina guides insemination rod to cervix
  • finger placed in cervix, pipette directed along it into uterus where semen is expelled
  • can also do deep horn insemination
29
Q

insemination of small ruminants (3)

A

1) speculum inserted into vagina, deposit semen at external cervical os
2) restrain ewe in cradle, insert speculum into vagina, pipette placed through cervix (frozen semen ok)
3) laparascopic insemination directly into uterus (frozen semen)

30
Q

insemination of the sow

A
  • vagina is anticlockwise
  • matching soft catheter advanced, screwed into cervix
  • large volume
31
Q

insemination of the bitch

A
  • fresh semen: blindly pass catheter into cranial vagina to deposit sperm or use speculum
  • frozen semen: laparoscopic insemination or transvaginal endoscopic techniques
32
Q

insemination of the queen

A
  • intravaginal: under sedation in dorsal recumbency with elevated hind end
  • intrauterine: surgically, laparoscipally, transcervically (via vagina)
33
Q

insemination of birds

A
  • massage same way as male
  • vent everts –> caudal part of reproductive tract
  • semen placed into opening

Repro Bio 3 (6 decks)

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