ARTICULATION OF HUMAN SKELETON

Question 1

Basic knowledge and insight into the skeleton:

Answer 1

A basic knowledge of and insight into the skeleton, its joints and respective
movements and relationships, are essential in the reconstruction of the
human skeleton.

Question 2

The skeleton is comprised of… and the different types of bones:

Answer 2

 The skeleton comprises of axial skeleton (bones of the head, neck and (trunk) and the appendicular skeleton (bones of the extremities)

 There are different type of bones: long, short, flat and irregular

Question 3

Function of bones includes…

Answer 3

Function of bones include, support, protection, movement, mineral
homeostasis, blood cell production and triglyceride storage

Question 4

Skull description:

Answer 4

The skull has 22 bones and is divided into two parts the cranium and facial bones

Question 5

Vertebral column description:

Answer 5

Consists of 33 segments or vertebrae. Is divided into cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae and coccygeal vertebrae

Question 6

Describe the Bony thorax:

Answer 6

Is made up of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae

Question 7

Describe the upper extremities:

Answer 7

Is made up of the pectoral girdle ( clavicle and scapula), humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

Question 8

Describe the lower extremities:

Answer 8

Consist of the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

Question 9

Purpose with the articulation of the skeleton:

Answer 9

 DEMONSTRATE OSTEOLOGY
 OBSERVE THE FRAMEWORK OF THE BODY
 PROVIDE ORIENTATION IN ANATOMICAL POSITION
 OBSERVE ARTICULATION SURFACES IN RELATION TO EACH OTHER
 DETERMINE THE FUNCTION AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT SKELETAL
ATTIBUTES

Question 10

Labelling/annotation of bones:

Answer 10

 SKELETON SHOULD BE LABELED

 CATALOG NUMBER IS WRITTEN DIRECTLY IN TO THE BONE BUT NOT OBSCURING ANATOMICAL DETAILS

 LABEL OF INDIVIDUAL BONES AS TO SIDE AND POSITION i.e. the left metacarpal may be labelled L MC 2(or II)

 A PERSON LABELLING MUST KNOW HOW TO IDENTITY BONES & PREVENT ANY MIX UP DURING THE STAGES OF PREPARATION.

Question 11

Materials for articulation of bones:

Answer 11

 RODS
 METAL WIRES
 ADHESIVES
 SCREWS
 NUTS & WOODEN BASE WITH MOVING WHEELS
 SCAPELS AND BLADES
 PLASTIC STRIPS
 DRILL MACHINES

Question 12

Process of skeleton articulation (Steps 1 & 2):

Answer 12

 VERTEBRAL COLUMN IS ARRANGED IN CERVICAL, THORACIC, LUMBAR, SACRAL VERTEBRAE BY FIXING THESE BONES IN AN IRON ROD FROM INSIDE

 ARTICULAR SURFACES ARE PASTED WITH EACH OTHER BY ADHESIVES FROM THE CERVICAL TO SACRAL VERTEBRAE.

Question 13

Process of skeleton articulation (steps 3 & 4):

Answer 13

 RIBS ARE FIXED WITH THE THORACIC VERTEBRA BY DRILLING HOLES IN THE
HEAD OF THE RIBS, AND ATTACHED TOGETHER BY COPPER WIRE AND ADHESIVES.

 STERNAL RIBS ENDINGS ARE ATTACHED BY TAPES AND PLASTIC HOOKS

Question 14

Process of skeleton articulation (steps 5 & 6):

Answer 14

 MANDIBLE IS ATTACHED TO THE SKULL VIA THE CONDYLOID PROCESS TO THE TEMOPORAL BONE BY ADHESIVES.

 MANDIBULAR TEETH ARE ADHERED WITH THE UPPER JAW.

Question 15

Process of skeleton articulation (step 7):

Answer 15

THE SKULL IS ATTACHED TO THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN BY INCREASING THE LENGH OF THE ROD INSIDE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN TO SUIT THE SIZE OF THE SKULL THROUGH THE FORAMEN MAGNUM. PLASTIC HOOKS ARE USED TO CONNECT THE FORAMEN MAGNUM AND FIRST CERVICAL VERTEBRAE.

Question 16

Process of skeleton articulation (step 8):

Answer 16

FEMUR IS ATTACHED WITH THE PELVIC BONE AT THE ACETABULUM BY DRILLING THE FEMORAL HEAD AND CONNECTING WITH TAPES OF PLASTIC HOOKS AND USING ADHESIVES.

Question 17

Process of skeleton articulation (steps 9 - 11):

Answer 17

 THE SCAPULAR IS ATTACHED USING TAPES OF PLASTIC HOOK BANDS WITH RIBS.

 THE CARPAL, TARSUS, PATELLA AND SESAMOID BONES ARE ASSEMBLED AND FIXED WITH EACH OTHER BY ADHESIVES AND SUPER GLUE.

 THE WHOLE SKELETON FIXED IN ITS BASE.

Question 18

PRECAUTIONS

Step 1:

Answer 18

AVOID USING BLEACH TO CLEAN SKELETON, IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO BLEACH A SKELETON IF ITS BEEN PROPERLY CLEANED AND DEGREASED. BLEACH WILL WHITEN BONE INITIALLY BUT EVENTUALLY WILL DAMEGE BONE BECAUSE ITS CHEMICAL REACTION DOES STOP.

Question 19

PRECAUTIONS

Step 2:

Answer 19

YOU HAVE TO OBSERVE HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURE WHEN FIXING AND WORKING WITH THE EQUIPMENT FOR FIXING A SKELETON