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A&P Lecture 2 - Respiration & Phonation > Articulation > Flashcards

Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

The skull can be separated into what 2 sets of bones?

A

Cranial and facial bones

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2
Q

Which are the 4 unpaired cranial bones?

A

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone

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3
Q

Label the unpaired cranial bones

A

Top to bottom:
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Occipital bone

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4
Q

Which are the 2 paired cranial bones?

A

Parietal
Temporal

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5
Q

Cranial bones

A
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6
Q

What is a ‘process’? What do they often act as?

A

A piece of bone that sticks out from main bone.
Often act as points of attachment for muscles

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7
Q

What are the 3 processes of the temporal bone?

A

The zygomatic process
Mastoid process
Styloid process

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8
Q

The ear structures are inside which bone?

A

The temporal bone

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9
Q
A

Lesser wing
Greater wing
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What are the 2 unpaired facial bones?

A

Mandible
Vomer (small bone in the nose)

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12
Q

What are the 5 paired facial bones visible from exterior view

A

Nasal
Lacrimal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Inferior nasal concha

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13
Q

What paired facial bone is not visible from exterior view?

A

Palatine bone (hard palate)

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses of the face?

A

Mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the skull and the face

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoid sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinus (unpaired midline structure)

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16
Q

What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A

Forms part of the airway - airflow can be directed from the nasopharynx or oropharynx
Allows transit of foods/fluid
During chewing and swallowing, structures within the vocal tract seal of the pharynx to protect the airway;
Nasopharynx - closed off by soft palate
Larynx - closed off by epiglottis

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18
Q

The inferior surface of which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

Sphenoid bone

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19
Q

Which tonsils are contained in the nasopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

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20
Q

How does the nasopharynx connect to the middle ear?

A

Via the eustachian tube

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21
Q

What are the boundary points of the oropharynx?

A

Soft palate to epiglottis

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22
Q

Which tonsils are in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine tonsils

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23
Q

What are the boundary points of the laryngopharynx?

A

Superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage

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24
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the laryngopharynx?

A

Thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane

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25
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Collections of lymphoid tissue (immune system, contain white blood cells), covered by mucosa

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26
Q

How can overgrowth of tonsils impact speech?

A

Obstruct posterior nasal opening, blocking airway - mouth breathing. Nasal sound to speech

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27
Q

What are the 2 muscle layers of the pharynx?

A

Outer circular muscles
Inner longitudinal muscles

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28
Q

What is the role of the outer circular muscles of the pharynx?

A

Constricts the pharynx

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29
Q

What is the role of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

A

Elevates and widens the pharynx, widens the larynx

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30
Q

What are the 3 unpaired muscles of the outer circular muscle layer?

A

Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor

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31
Q

The 3 unpaired muscles in the outer circular muscle layer surround the pharynx and the end of each muscle meets posteriorly at a seam called the _______

A

Pharyngeal raphe

32
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the 3 circular constrictor muscles of the pharynx?

A

Superior constrictor:
Origin - Skull base (sphenoid) & mandible
Insertion - skull base (occipital) & pharyngeal raphe

Middle constrictor:
Origin - Hyoid bone
Insertion - Pharyngeal raphe

Inferior constrictor:
Origin - Thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Insertion - pharyngeal raphe and upper oesophagus

33
Q

What are the 3 paired inner longitudinal muscles of the larynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

34
Q

Where does the stylopharyngeus connect?

A

Between the styloid process of the temporal bone and the pharynx

35
Q

Where does the salpingopharyngeus connect?

A

The eustachian tube and the pharynx

36
Q

Where does the palatopharyngeus connect?

A

The palate and the pharynx

37
Q

What is the action of the stylopharyngeus muscle?

A

Elevates the larynx and pharynx

38
Q

What is the action of the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

Elevates the larynx and pharynx, opens the pharyngeal orifice of the eustachian tube

39
Q

What is the action of the palatopharyngeus muscle?

A

Elevates the larynx and pharynx

40
Q

What type of cartilage is nasal cartilage?

A

Hyaline - support and flexibility

41
Q

The nasal cartilage is divided in half along the midline by the _________

A

nasal septum

44
Q

What bones form the floor of the nasal cavity?

A

The palatine bone and maxilla

45
Q

What bone forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone (cribiform plate)

46
Q

The superior, middle and inferior conchae on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity form the bony core of 2 downward-curving outgrowths, the ‘_________’

A

turbinates

47
Q

The bony core of each turbinate is covered by ________

What is the benefit of the increased surface area provided by the turbinates?

A

mucosa

  • helps to warm the air entering airways
  • helps trap dust and bacteria in mucus before it can enter larynx and lungs
48
Q

What are the 2 main segments of the oral cavity?

A

The oral cavity proper
The vestibule (buccal cavity) - between teeth and lips

49
Q

The floor of the oral cavity is formed by some of the ________ muscles

A

suprahyoid

50
Q

What forms the posterior border of the oral cavity?

A

The fauces - arched folds of tissue between the oral cavity and oropharynx

51
Q

What are the names of the posterior and anterior folds of the fauces?

A

Posterior - palatopharyngeal arch
Anterior - palatoglossal arch

52
Q

What sits between the faucial arches?

A

The palatine tonsils

53
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

54
Q

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands - largest, beneath the skin of the mandible
Sublingual glands - located in the floor of the oral cavity below the tongue
Submandibular glands - located in the floor of the oral cavity adjacent to the mandible

55
Q

What is the soft palate made of?

A

Muscle and connective tissue covered by mucosa

56
Q

The hard palate consists of what 2 pairs of bones?

A
  1. The palatine process of the maxilla forms the anterior part of the hard palate
  2. The palatine bone forms the posterior part of the hard palate
57
Q

Movement of the velum is controlled by what 5 muscles?

58
Q

The tensor veli palatini muscles runs from the inferior surface of the _________ and the cartilage of the _________ tube to the fibrous connective tissue of the soft palate

It hooks around a small projection from the _________ in the base of the skull

Tenses the ___________, assisting with elevation to occlude the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

A

The tensor veli palatini muscles runs from the inferior surface of the sphenoid bone and the cartilage of the eustachian tube to the fibrous connective tissue of the soft palate

It hooks around a small projection from the sphenoid bone in the base of the skull

Tenses the soft palate, assisting with elevation to occlude the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

59
Q

The levator veli palitini muscle runs from the inferior surface of the ___________ and the cartilage around the ___________ tube, to the fibrous connective tissue of the ___________

Sits ________ to the tensor veli palitini muscle

Elevates the soft palate, occludes the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

A

The levator veli palitini muscle runs from the inferior surface of the temporal bone and the cartilage around the eustachian tube, to the fibrous connective tissue of the soft palate

Sits posterior to the tensor veli palitini muscle

Elevates the soft palate, occludes the nasopharynx from the oropharynx

60
Q

The palatopharyngeus is one of the _________ muscles of the pharynx
Runs from the fibrous connective tissue of the ________ to the __________
Elevates the ________, prevents food entering the nasopharynx

Visible as palatopharyngeal arches, posterior arches of the fauces
Main role in swallowing

A

The palatopharyngeus is one of the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
Runs from the fibrous connective tissue of the soft palate to the thyroid cartilage
Elevates the pharynx, prevents food entering the nasopharynx

Visible as palatopharyngeal arches, posterior arches of the fauces
Main role in swallowing

61
Q

The palatoglossus runs from the fibrous part of the _________ to the lateral part of the ________
Elevates the posterior ________, occluding the _________ from the oral cavity
Visible as the palatoglossal arch, anterior arch of the fauces
Main role is in swallowing

A

The palatoglossus runs from the fibrous part of the soft palate to the lateral part of the tongue
Elevates the posterior tongue, occluding the oropharynx from the oral cavity
Visible as the palatoglossal arch, anterior arch of the fauces
Main role is in swallowing

62
Q

The musculus uvulae (paired) is a small vertical muscle in the uvula
It _______ and _______ the uvula
Assists closure of the __________ by soft palate

A

The musculus uvulae (paired) is a small vertical muscle in the uvula
It broadens and thickens the uvula
Assists closure of the nasopharynx by soft palate

63
Q

The teeth sit in sockets in the ________ portions of the _______ and ________; the alveolar bone is covered by the _______

A

The teeth sit in sockets in the alveolar portions of the maxilla and mandible; the alveolar bone is covered by the gingiva

64
Q

How many primary (deciduous) teeth are there?

65
Q

The deciduous teeth are replaced by how many secondary (adult) teeth between the ages of 6 and 12?

66
Q

Which teeth are used in the articulation of some consonants?

A

The front 4 incisors

67
Q

What type of muscle is in the tongue?

A

Skeletal muscle

68
Q

What bones is the base of the tongue attached to posteriorly and anteriorly?

A

Hyoid bone posteriorly
Mandible anteriorly

69
Q

The tip of the tongue is known as the _____

70
Q

Muscles of the left and right side of the tongue are separated by a ______

A

Septum (of fibrous connective tissue)

71
Q

Tongue movements are partially restricted by the __________

A

Lingual frenulum (a fold of oral mucosa that attaches to inferior surface of tongue and roof of mouth)

72
Q

The intrinsic muscles of the tongue are connected to the fibrous connective tissue of the ________, and to the _______ of the tongue

A

lingual septum
mucosa

73
Q

The intrinsic vertical muscle fibres run _________ from the top surface of the tongue to the bottom

Muscle contraction ________ and _______ the tongue

A

The intrinsic vertical muscle fibres run vertical from the top surface of the tongue to the bottom

Muscle contraction flattens and widens the tongue

74
Q

The intrinsic transverse muscle fibres run __________ from one side to the other

Contraction __________ and ________ the tongue

A

horizontally
elongates
narrows

76
Q

What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

77
Q

What are the connections and actions of the palatoglossus?

A

Originates in the soft palate
Elevates posterior part of tongue, depresses the soft palate

A&P Lecture 2 - Respiration & Phonation (3 decks)

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