Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

tox > article > Flashcards

article Flashcards

1
Q

Topics to include in an enviormental history are:

A

hobbies, recent remodoling of home, age of the home, type of heating, near by industries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Will indoor or outdoor air pollientes have a greater effect on health?

A

Indoor (most amerian’s spend about 90% of time inside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are aspergillium, penicillium, and stachybotrys examples of?

A

Mold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What health effects have been linked to mold?

A

allergic symptoms, respiratory irritation, and asthma exacerbations (NOT pulmonary hemorrhage or Cancer).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the doiagnostic test for mold?

A

None

and the only thing really helpful for inspecting the home is visual inspection since there is no “normal” limit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are volatile organic chemicals? what are they seen in?

A

carbon + hydorgen chemicals
they usually have at least one phenol - ring

seen paint stabilizers and adhesives and in some pesti- cides and wood preservatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the health effects of VOCs?

A

respiratory mucous membrane irritation and symptoms (burrning, itch eyes, cough, congestion).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Recommended dx test for VOCs?

A

None

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is Radon released?

A

radioactive decay from radim. used in home foundadtion and building materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the potential health effects of Radon?

A 
lung cancer (especially if coupled with smoking) 
2nd most common cause of lung cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can create products of combustion (Co2, NO2, particulate matter)?

A

Cooking with gas ranges, burning wood in fireplaces or wood stoves, and back draft of exhaust flues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What health problems can products of combustion cause?

A

irritate mucus membranes
exacerbate asthma
increased suseptablity to lung infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can smoking in the home do?

A

leave residues in the air that cause increased lower respiratory tract infections, mucous membrane irritation, and lung cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the six ‘‘criteria pollutants’’ that the EPA has limited in the air concentration over time?

A

PM, NO2, ground-level ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), CO, and lead.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is particulate matter?

A

dirt, dust, smoke, or droplets resulting from combustion or chemical reactions that produce aerosols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do PMs do to the body?

A

induce inflammatory responces within the airways.

increase the risk of lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is NO2 generated?

A

fossil fuel combustion and through the ox- idation of nitrogen oxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What effects can NO2 cause to the resirotory system?

A

increase in susceptibility to respiratory infections (especially in pediatric and elderly patient groups), worsening asthma symptoms, and severe lung injury resulting in death when exposure occurs in confined spaces without adequate ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the other possible concern with NO2 not discussed in the class notes?

A

cardiovascular disease (cardiac failure, ischemic heart disease, and myocardial infarction).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the adverse effect of O3?

A

respiratory irritant

respiratory inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are sulfer dioxide substances?

A

coal, crude oil, and metal ores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the health effects of sulfer dioxide exposure?

A

cough and decreased lung function, and aggravation of pre-existing cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the acuate and chonic effects of CO exposure?

A

headache, nausea, vomiting, and lightheadedness, adverse cardio- vascular events such as angina,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is lead released into the air?

A

by processes that include coal and waste burning, metal mining/smelting and other industrial processes, and volcanic emissions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the tool that the EPA uses to infrom us about the qulity of outdoor air?

A

AQI
100 = national air qulity standard
below 100 = good
above 100 = bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is currently the major rout of lead exposure in the US

A

car battery production, living in older homes containing lead paint, demolition of older homes painted with lead paint, lead paint removal activities, and, more recently, toys painted with leaded paint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is lead exposure associated with?

A

neurologic, hematologic, renal, reproductive problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the signs of acute lead posining?

A 
headaces
irritablity
abdominal pain
sleeplessness
restlessness
confusion
reduced consciousness and aute psycosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the signs of chronic lead posining?

A

encephlopathy, nephropathy, hypertension, anemia

deficiencies in memory and learning

periferal motor neuropathy, slow sensory motor reaction

changes in visual/motor preformacne, memory, attention, verbal comprehension

anemia

spontanious abortion/reduced sperm count

low body weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

at what age should lead screening begin?

A

9-12 months old then test again at 24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the primary route of human exposure to murcry?

A

Inhalation of elemental mercury vapor, 80% of which is taken up by the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the acute and chonic effects of elemental murcury exposure?

A

cough, dyspnea, fever, tremors, malaise, axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy, gingivitis, delusions, and hallucinations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Erethism?

A

a syndrome that consists of intention tremor, excitability, memory loss, insomnia, timidity, and delirium. it is caused by chronic exposure to elemental mercury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does murcry exposure during pregnancy effect the fetus?

A

Inhaled elemental mercury vapors absorbed dur- ing pregnancy may diffuse across the placenta and accumulate in the fetal brain, resulting in neurodevelopmental anomalies.

35
Q

What are the typical manifestations of acute methylmercury posinings?

A

blurred vision, hearing impairment, olfactory disturbances, gus- tatory abnormalities, ataxic gait, clumsiness of the hands, dysarthria, and somatosensory and psychiatric disorders.

36
Q

what are the typical results of chronic methlmercry posinings?

A

distal extremity paresthesias that may persist even after exposure ceases. cerebellar ataxia seen at first but improves once the exposure is gone

37
Q

What is the Minamata disease?

A

in Japan a bunch of mom’s ate fish while prego - they were mild to asymtamtic but theire kids came out with neurological problems: mental retardation, primitive reflexes, hyperkinesis, deafness, blind- ness, cerebral palsy, cerebellar ataxia, seizures, strabismus, dysarthria, and limb de- formities.

38
Q

what is thimerosal?

A

a perserviative used in routine vaccines. it is metabolized to ethylmercury - no research shows that this actually acts like mercury in the system though.

39
Q

what is arsenic used for?

A

insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, algicides, sheep dips, wood preservatives, dyestuffs, and medicines for the eradication of tapeworms in sheep and cattle.

40
Q

How can arsinic exposure happen?

A

ingestion (through naturally occuring levels in the water and diet)**MC, inhalation, dermal contact, parenterally

41
Q

What heavy metals do you get exposed to though seafood?

A

murcury, arsinic

42
Q

what are the acute toxcicty symptoms of arsinic posining?

A

gastrointestinal (hemorrhagic gastroenteritis), cardiovascular (fluid loss, shock), renal (renal failure), and central nervous system (seizures)

43
Q

What might you see in serviors of acute arsnic posining?

A

bone marrow depression, hemolysis, hepatomegaly, melanosis, polyneur- opathy, peripheral vascular disease, and encephalopathy

44
Q

what is chronic low level arsnic ingestion associated with?

A

elevated risk for mortality from lung, bladder, and kidney cancer

hypertension/cardiovascular disease, diabetes, reproductive effects, cerebrovascular disease, neurologic effects

45
Q

What is cadmium found in?

A

batteries, pigments, metal coatings, plastics, and as a contaminant of some commercial fertilizers. Plants (in particular leafy vegetables). Cigarette smoking

46
Q

Acute, high-level inhalational exposure to cadmium fumes or particles causes:

A

life-threatening pulmonary effects

47
Q

Where does cadmum accumulate? what happens there?

A

kidneys

tubular dysfunction, which results in the excretion of low molecular weight pro- teins, such as b2-microglobulin and b1-microglobulin, into the urine.

48
Q

What does long term high-level cadmium exposure cause?

A

disrupts the signaling pathways responsible for calcium homeostasis and may lead to osteomalacia and osteoporosis.

49
Q

How does the IARC classify cadmium?

A

group 1 human carcinogen: lots of evidence that this causes cancer.

50
Q

Proton Pump Inhibitors have been associated with fractures in which location?

A

Hip
Spine
Wrist

51
Q

What do proton pump inhibitors do?

A

They stop stomach acid from being produce to treat GERD

They also stop the ability to absorb calcium

52
Q

What is the max number of days over the counter PPIs should be taken in a year?

A

14

53
Q

Why does the level of mercury present vary between species of tuna?

A

murcuy accumulates in the muscle more than the fat, so there will be higher levels in leaner tuna.

54
Q

Symptoms of common air pollutents

A 
couch
phlegm
wheezing
shortness of breath
chest tightness
55
Q

common air pollutens cause an increased risk of which respiratory disease episodes/sickness?

A

asthma
bronchitis
emphysema
pneumonia

56
Q

What new respiratory disease can develop because of common air pollutnets?

A

chronic bronchitis

premature aging of the lungs

57
Q

what effect does common air polluents have on lung function?

A

bronchoconstriction

decreased air flow

58
Q

What processes are involved in airway inflammation?

A

increased white blood cells
abnormal mucus production
fluid/edema in lungs
death/shedding of cells that line the airways

59
Q

What are the cardiovascular symptoms caused by common air pollutents

A 
chest tightness
chest pain (angina)
palpitations
shortness of breath
unsusal fatigue
60
Q

What CV diseases are going to have increased episodes/sickness because of common air polutents

A

coronary artery disease
abnormal heart rhythm
congestive heart failure

61
Q

How do common air pollenates effect the CV function?

A

cause

  • low oxygenation of red blood cells
  • abnormal heart rhythms
  • altered autonomic NS control of heart
62
Q

What are the effects of common air pollutants on vascular inflammation?

A

increased risk of blood clot formation
vasoconstriction
increased atherosclotic plaue rupture

63
Q

What does acute rodenticid poisoning look like?

A

bleeding from the nose, gums, and gastrointestinal tract and easy bruising.

64
Q

What is Strychnine and what does it cause?

A

Non-anticoagulant rodenticide that causes the rapid onset of violent seziures

65
Q

What is the use of pest strips, termite treatments, flea collarts, and garden pesticide treatments associated with?

A

pediatric cancers

  • lukemia
  • brain tumors
66
Q

What are the effects of acute exposure to the herbicide diquat?

A

erosive gastroenteritis, airway injury, renal failure, CNS toxcity

67
Q

What dose the herbicide chlorophenoxy toxic effect look like

A
  • mostly just irritation to mucus membranes and skin
  • mental status changes, vomit, diarrhea, headache
  • systemic toxcicty, acidosis, renal failure, multiple organ failure
68
Q

What are pesticide residuals?

A

small amount of pesticides that remain on cultivated foods

69
Q

What is an effective way to remove pesticides from foods?

A

rinse that shit with water

reductions in 9-12 pesticides with only 15-30 seconds

70
Q

What are the 5 key questions you should ask if you expect occupational exposure to toxicity?

A
  1. what do you do?
  2. do you think your health problems are related to work?
  3. are your symptoms different between work and school
  4. are you currently exposed to chemicals, dust, metals, radiation, noise, or repetitive work? how about in the past?
  5. are your coworkers experiencing similar symptoms?
71
Q

What are the categories of electromagnetic fields?

A

Extremly low-frequencey fields

radio-frequency radiation

72
Q

How are ELFs produced?

A

from electrical devices

73
Q

How is RF energy produced?

A

wireless devices

74
Q

do EM transmit energy to absorbing tissues?

A

NO

These are non-ionizing

75
Q

Can ELF EM be absorbed by people?

A

Yeah - muscles and skin.

they can penetrate physical barriers are so can make it deep into the body.

76
Q

Have ELF EM been linked to any diseases?

A

none in adults

childhood leukemia in kids

77
Q

Can RF waves be absorbed by people?

A

Yeah - but only the skin and subcutanous tissue. They don’t make it to the deep stuff.

78
Q

What are Phthalates?

A

family of compounds added to plastics to make them more flexible.

79
Q

What has been associated with the Phthalate DHEP?

A

dysfunction in the testes, cancer, and reproductive problems in lab animals.

80
Q

What are BPAs in?

A

Plastics and food containers - when heated they can leach into food or liquids

81
Q

What is associated with BPAs?

A

prostate cancer
declining semen quality
early onset of puberty in girls

82
Q

What are Polybrominated diphenyl ethers found in?

A

fabrics, foam, upholstry

83
Q

What have Polybrominated diphenyl ethers been shown to cause in animals?

A

thyroid, liver, reproductive, and neurodevelopmental effects

neonatal exposure: hyperactivity and memory problems, impairment of sperm development, and cryptorchidism

tox (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions