Article Flashcards
What are the ethical implications of legalizing assisted dying? (For)
- Autonomy: It respects a patient’s right to make decisions about their own body and end-of-life care.
- Alleviating suffering: Provides an option for those enduring unrelievable pain despite palliative care.
- Dignity in death: Empowers individuals to control their circumstances, avoiding undignified or prolonged suffering.
What are the ethical implications of legalizing assisted dying? (Against)
- Potential for misuse: Vulnerable individuals, such as the elderly or disabled, might feel pressured to choose assisted dying to avoid burdening their families.
- Slippery slope concerns: Legalizing assisted dying could lead to broader applications, such as non-voluntary euthanasia in the future.
- Impact on the doctor-patient relationship: Some argue it could erode trust if doctors are perceived as facilitators of death.
How would you address concerns about coercion or pressure on vulnerable individuals? (For)
- Robust safeguards: Implement mandatory mental capacity assessments by two independent doctors and, if needed, a mental health specialist.
- Involvement of the judiciary: A High Court judge must approve applications, ensuring impartial oversight and preventing coercion.
- Criminal penalties for coercion: Strict laws, such as up to 14 years in prison for coercion, act as deterrents.
How would you address concerns about coercion or pressure on vulnerable individuals?
- Subtle coercion: Pressure from family members might not always be overt, making it harder to detect.
- Economic disparities: Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds might feel financial or societal pressure to choose assisted dying.
- Subjectivity of assessments: Doctors and judges may interpret “voluntariness” differently, leaving room for errors.
While the bill includes measures to address coercion, ongoing education for assessors and public awareness campaigns are critical to ensure these safeguards function effectively.
Do you think doctors should have the right to refuse participation in assisted dying? Why or why not?
- Moral and ethical autonomy: Respecting doctors’ conscience allows them to uphold their personal or religious beliefs.
- Alternative arrangements: Non-participating doctors can refer patients to willing colleagues, ensuring the process continues without infringing on others’ rights.
- Preventing burnout: Forcing unwilling doctors could lead to moral distress and professional dissatisfaction.
Do you think doctors should have the right to refuse participation in assisted dying? Why or why not? (Against)
- Patient access: If many doctors refuse participation, it might limit access, particularly in rural or underserved areas.
- Professional duty: Some argue that providing legal medical services, even controversial ones, is part of a doctor’s role.
- Risk of delay: Refusals could complicate or delay the process, adding unnecessary stress for terminally ill patients.
Doctors should have the right to refuse participation, but this must be balanced with ensuring patient access through clear referral systems and regulatory oversight.
Do you think it’s right that mentally ill and disabled individuals are excluded from assisted dying? Why or why not? (for)
- Respect for Autonomy: If capacity is demonstrable, individuals should have the same rights as others to make decisions about their lives, irrespective of mental health status.
- Eliminating Stigma: Excluding mentally ill individuals reinforces stereotypes that they are incapable of rational decisions, further marginalizing them.
- Precedents in Other Countries: In Belgium, individuals with mental health disorders have access to assisted dying under stringent safeguards, showing it can be managed responsibly.
What would happen if someone agreed to assisted dying and was euthanized, but a cure emerged shortly after?
- Unpredictability of Advancements: Rapid medical breakthroughs are rare but possible. Legal frameworks could address this by requiring detailed discussions of emerging treatments with applicants.
- Informed Consent Under Uncertainty: Consent processes should emphasize the experimental and uncertain nature of emerging cures. Decision aids could outline probabilities in accessible language.
- Ethical Scope of Regret: Regret is inherent to many irreversible medical decisions, such as organ removal for suspected cancer. Assisted dying requires parallel acceptance of uncertainty.
Should the law be adapted to include individuals with mental health disorders who demonstrate capacity? Why or why not?(against)
- Complexity of Capacity Assessment: Mental illnesses, particularly those with fluctuating symptoms, make capacity assessments more challenging and less reliable.
- Risk of Misjudgment: Temporary states like severe depression might lead to irreversible decisions that individuals would not make when well.
- Focus on Treatment: Instead of legalizing assisted dying, resources should be redirected to improving mental health services to address the root causes of suffering.
What improvements would you suggest to the bill?
improvements like standardized training for assessors, enhanced access to care alternatives, and routine audits could strengthen protection for vulnerable individuals.
Should terminally ill children or adolescents be allowed access to assisted dying if they demonstrate maturity and capacity?
- Autonomy and Maturity: Some adolescents demonstrate maturity comparable to adults, particularly in high-stakes decisions like their own healthcare. Denying them this right could undermine their autonomy.
- Alleviating Suffering: Terminally ill children often endure extreme suffering, and providing access ensures dignity in their final moments.
- Precedents from Other Countries: Belgium allows assisted dying for minors under strict conditions, showing it can be implemented responsibly
Should terminally ill children or adolescents be allowed access to assisted dying if they demonstrate maturity and capacity?
- Capacity Assessment Challenges: Evaluating maturity and capacity in adolescents is more complex than in adults, as emotional and cognitive development varies.
- Emotional Influences: Adolescents may be more susceptible to temporary emotional distress or external pressures, potentially compromising their decisions.
While extending assisted dying to terminally ill adolescents respects autonomy and reduces suffering, it requires stricter safeguards than for adults to account for their unique vulnerabilities
Should a person be allowed to request assisted dying in an advance directive, to be actioned when they lose capacity (e.g., dementia)? (for)
Respecting Prior Wishes: Advance directives allow individuals to retain control over their lives and deaths, ensuring their autonomy even after losing capacity.
Reducing Suffering: Dementia and similar conditions often cause prolonged suffering, which advance directives could help prevent.
Avoiding Burdens: Families and caregivers often face emotional and financial burdens. Acting on an advance directive can reduce these strains.
Should a person be allowed to request assisted dying in an advance directive, to be actioned when they lose capacity (e.g., dementia)? (against)
Challenges in Interpretation: Interpreting an individual’s prior wishes may be difficult, especially if they express conflicting emotions later in the disease process.
Moral Uncertainty: Acting on an advance directive when the individual no longer understands or consents might conflict with ethical principles.
Risk of Abuse: Advance directives could be manipulated or misused, particularly in cases where there’s financial or familial pressure
How does the principle of “do no harm” apply to assisted dying? (for)
Reducing Suffering: In cases of unrelievable pain, assisted dying may align with “do no harm” by minimizing prolonged suffering.
Patient-Centered Care: Failing to respect a patient’s choice for a dignified death might cause psychological harm, which assisted dying seeks to prevent.
Contextual Harm: The harm caused by not acting (prolonged suffering) can outweigh the harm of assisting in death.
How does the principle of “do no harm” apply to assisted dying? (against)
Conflict with the Role of Healing: Some argue that assisting in death contradicts the physician’s primary role to heal and preserve life.
Potential for Abuse: Legalizing assisted dying might lead to unintended harm, such as pressuring vulnerable individuals into making irreversible decisions.
Moral Ambiguity: The interpretation of “harm” varies; for some, taking any action that ends life constitutes harm, regardless of the circumstances.
Summary
The article discusses the proposed Assisted Dying Bill in England and Wales, which would allow terminally ill adults with less than six months to live to seek assistance in ending their lives, provided their application is approved by two independent doctors and a High Court judge. The bill, introduced by MP Kim Leadbeater, includes strict safeguards, such as requiring the individual to administer the medication themselves, ensuring no coercion, and excludes mental illness or disability as eligibility criteria. Doctors must confirm the patient’s mental capacity, voluntary decision, and awareness of other options like palliative care. Critics argue that the bill overlooks systemic issues in palliative care and could pressure vulnerable individuals, while supporters highlight public backing and the need for change in end-of-life options. The bill will undergo further scrutiny and votes in Parliament.
