Article 1

Question 1

Neglect

Answer 1

Defined as the failure to meet vhildren’s basic needs wutb resoect to clothing, hygiene and safety

Question 2

physical abuse

Answer 2

harm by caregiver or guardian resulting in on purpose physical injuyry

Question 3

psychological abuse

Answer 3

patterns of behaviour that leids to impaired emotional development and sense of self-worth

Question 4

gender or ethnical children were most likely to be abused?

Answer 4

African American were most likely with a prevalnce of 15.3 per 1.000

Question 5

sociodemographic factors of abuse include..

Answer 5

poverty, young motherhood, parent antisocial behavipur, history fo maltreatment in the perpetrator

Question 6

why is it not ok that maltreatment is measured inn retrospect? focus on prospective and longtidunal studies

Answer 6

Because these are usually biased, becaus of current mental state and are subject to ommission. in clinical interviews only 50% of the victims say theyve been abused

Question 7

What are externalising problems?

Answer 7

people that have experienced maltreatment will experience externalising problems, like ADHD< CD, oppositional defiant disorder, delinquency and antisocial behaviour.

Question 8

Mixed findings appear related to substance and alcohol use.

Answer 8

some find higher rates in adulthood for women, but not for adolescene. others find higher rates in general

Question 9

internalising problems

Answer 9

mdd, ad, ptsd and symptoms of trauma and internalising symptoms. even in adulthood higher risks were found for a,lzeihmer mdd and depressive symptoms in victims.

Question 10

In relation to PTSD there is an increased risk for the diagnosable form, but also for disorder related symtpoms in patients with chilhood maltreatment. These symptoms are also predictive to toher stress related symptoms in adulthood. This is enabled via two pathways.

Answer 10

1. Maltreated youth is at higher risk for mental disorders during childhood and adolescencsem which increases the likelihood to develop mental disorders later in life.
2. neurobiological factores related to childhood maltreatment without mental disorder, increase the risk for mental health disorders like ptsd and related symptoms later in life.

Question 11

it’s hard to do research, because adoption and twin studies..

Answer 11

are hard to conduct, adoption parents will be filtered out and its unlikely that twins will be one maltreated and the other one doesn’t

Question 12

cycle of violence

Answer 12

victim that’s been malktreated, will become a perpetrator her or himself (effectsize is only medium 0.31).

Question 13

what did child serives say about investigationg cases of parents with reported childhood maltreatment?

Answer 13

chance is twice as high. They’re biased towards investigating cases of parents with reported childhood treatment. Inflated intergenerational transmission of maltreatment.

Question 14

cycle of violence is not inevitable..

Answer 14

as majority of parents with abuse hisotry do not become perpetrators

Question 15

Attention bias

Answer 15

tendency to devote disproportionate attention to relatively mild threats. robust correlate of anxiety in adults.

Question 16

support for hypothesis of attention bias..

Answer 16

children with physical abuse history are moere likely to perceive cues of anxiety earlier and more accurately than children without this history, additionally, those children are prone to interpret ambiguous facial expressions as anger. Tjhis hypervigilance to anger cures can also explain inreased anxiety levels.

Question 17

how to assess attentional bias in children by dot with two faces?

Answer 17

Takes longer RT if the dot is on the neutral side, than if it’s on the emotionally charged side, because the mind is fixated on that

Question 18

negative attention bias is often found in children with abuse history and they showed higher levels of anxiety than their peers. But.. is this really representational?

Answer 18

Not really, some dustides cannot replicate these findings. One study on adult women with abuse history found this bias only selectively, especially in women who did not carry the short form of the serotonin transporter polymorphism.

Question 19

neurobiological basis of the attentional bias

Answer 19

involves the limbic system and prefrontal cortical circuitry.