Artic Final Flashcards
Kick some ass on this final
Articulation definition
Totality of processes that result in speech
How many muscles involved?
As many as 100
Speech sounds definition
Physical sound realities- they are end products of articulatory motor processes
Phonology
Study of the sound system of language- include rules that govern its spoken form
Articulation disorder
Difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech or inability to produce certain speech sounds
- Child may not be stimulable for sounds produced in error
- term historically used to denote all children who demonstrated an inability to produce certain speech sounds
Phonological disorder
Refers to impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations
Phoneme
Smallest unit within a language that can combine with other units to establish words and distinguish between them
Minimal pair
Words that differ in only one phoneme
Phonology
How phonemes are organized and function in communication
Phonotactic constraints
Rules governing the position of words phonemes can be used in
Phonological vs. articulation disorder?
Phonetic errors result in articulation disorders whereas phonemic errors represent phonological disorders
Cognates
Pairs of similar sounds differing in only one feature
Parameters to describe vowels
Portion of tongue involved in articulation- front vs. back
Tongue position relative to palate high vs. low
Degree of lip rounding/unrounding
Parameters to describe consonants
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing features
Coarticulation
Concept that the articulators are continually moving into position for other segments over a stretch of speech.
Result of coarticulation is referred to as ____
Assimilation
Coalescence
Features from two adjacent sounds are combined so that one sound replaces two other sounds
Three parts of a syllable
Peak, onset, coda
Peak
Most prominent, acoustically intense part of a syllable
Onset
All segments prior to the peak
Coda
Sound segments of a syllable following it’s peak
Phonation
Sound wave vibration of air produced by the vocal folds
Respiration
Provides air flow. In order to speak you must have a breath stream
Resonance
Created by varying the oral cavity/change shape of oral cavity/change size of vocal tract- modify sound waves
Through moving the articulators, you can change resonances by interfering with the air flow
Articulation problem- generally how to provide therapy
One phoneme at a time. Treatment includes:
Auditory discrimination, behavior modification, stimulus/response, behavior management, operant conditioning- when child performs the operation, give him/her a reward
Guy behind structuralist/universalist theory
Jakobson
Universalist- two distinct periods of vocal production?
Babbling and onset of meaningful speech
What happens during the babbling period?
Infant produces a great quantity and diversity of sounds, produces diverse sound without any regular sequence of acquisition,
discontinuity- infant must relearn speech sounds- babbling not considered continuous with phonemic development
What happens during the onset of meaningful speech period?
Infant develops his/her language’s phonological system according to a hierarchical, universal, and innate order of acquisition
Infants learn oppositions/contrasts of decreasing magnitude expressed in distinctive features
Guys behind behaviorist/learning theory
Mowrer and Olmstead
Characteristics of behaviorist/learning theory
Infant vocalizations are shaped through a series of steps as a consequence of contingent reinforcement
Sequence of events in behaviorist/learning theory
- Infant attends to caretaker’s vocalizations during nurturing
- Caretaker’s speech takes on secondary reinforcement patterns
- Infant’s own vocalizations take on secondary reinforcing values
- Infant productions which closely resemble caretaker’s speech selectively reinforced by caretaker and infant
Generative/prosodic components of analysis of a child’s system
Adult pronounced form, child’s perceived form, child’s underlying form, phonotactic rules, substitution rules, child’s spoken form
Interactionist-Discovery Theory
Phonological acquisition is the result of a child’s active discovery of patterns in the input language
Child uses these patterns to attack new words, while at the same time adult input is examined for new structures
Child is capable of inventing a set of phonological rules designed to reduce the complexity of target words to a pronounceable level
Distinctive features
Phonetic constituents that distinguish between phonemes
Binary systems
Use + and - signs to indicate presence or absence of distinctive sound features
Universal features
Characteristics that exist between the phoneme systems of different languages
Distinctive feature analysis
Sound substitution can be specified according to presence or absence of distinctive features between the target sound and the substitution. Can also be used to document patterns of errors
What is ordering?
Another step in gradual revision of the phonological system from its innate state to the adult form:
Sue and zoo realized as /tu/
Then the pattern changes to /tu/ for Sue and /du/ for zoo
Suppression
Term used in natural phonology to refer to the abolishment of previously employed phonological processes
Nonlinear (Multilinear) Phonologies
Single sound segments seen as being governed by more complex linguistic dimensions (stress, intonation, metrical, and rhythmical factors)
Autosegmental phonology
- Nonlinear phonological theory proposed by John Goldsmith’s attempts to characterize changes within the boundary of a segment by factoring them out, putting them into a different tier
- Autosegmental refers to the concept that certain segments are autonomous; they do not have a one-to-one match on another level.
Tiers
Separable and independent levels representing a sequence of articulatory gestures or a set of acoustic features
Association lines
Indicators for connections between autosegmentals on different tiers
Linkage condition
Any condition governing the association of units on each tier. E.g. A segment not linked to a position on another tier, will not be phonetically realized. Characterizes the association of units on each tier
Skeleton (or CV) tier
Represents a syllable and its hierarchically related components onset and rhyme
Onset
Label for all segments of a syllable before its nucleus
Rhyme
Cover term for syllable nucleus and coda
Clinical implication of nonlinear phonology
Sound segments no longer seen as independent, sequentially arranged sound units of equal value, but as segments hierarchically influenced by other, linguistically more complex dimensions
Why is it important to get a connected speech sample?
- Main goal of phonological therapy is correct production of sounds in spontaneous conversation
- Connected speech samples allow one to observe phoneme production in a variety of contexts
- Speech sound errors are often variable and inconsistent and it has been suggested that sounds are often easier to produce in some contexts as opposed to others
Relational Analysis Def
Most commonly used type of analysis. Involves comparing the client’s production to the target forms seen in the adult standard. Focus is identification of sounds produced in error and or error patterns based on comparison of the client’s productions to the adult form. Includes assessment of:
Articulatory mastery
Distinctive features
Analysis of phonological processes
Clipping
Long vowels and diphthongs tend to be shortened before voiceless consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/
Vowel feature change def
Involve the substitution or merging of one or more of the vowel features of height, frontness, tenseness, or lip rounding
Complexity change def
Involves diphthongization of monophthongs
Vowel harmony
Involve errors in multisyllabic words where one vowel changes in order to share one or more features with another vowel in the word
Vowel backing
Vowel is replaced with a more posterior vowel
Vowel lowering
A vowel is replaced with a vowel made with a lower tongue position
Vowel raising
A wel is replaced with a vowel made with a higher tongue position
Centralization
Vowel replaced by a vowel with a more central tongue position
Vowel unrounding
A normally rounded vowel is replaced with a non-rounded vowel boat–> /bat/
Diphthongization
Monopthong is produced as a diphthong
Diphthong reduction
Diphthong produced as a monophthong
Complete vowel harmony
One vowel is changed so that two vowels in a word are the same. Vowels can also assimilate to tenseness or height
coffee–>kiri
office /afas/
Why do Mower and Jakobsen disagree on the significance of babbling?
Mower believe babbling is an onset of speech, Jakobsen does not
What stops happening at 7-10 months in babbling?
Child begins to stop using sounds that aren’t in the adult model, child uses more vowels than consonants, deaf children’s babbling decreases due to the lack of auditory feedback
What are Oller’s stages of Phonological Acquisition?
0-1 month: Quasi-resonant nucleus 2-3 months: Goo and coo 4-6 months: Exploration/Expansion 7-10 months: Reduplicated babbling 11-14 months: Variegated babbling/inflected vocal play
Quasi resonant nucleus
Infant produces oral sounds that are only partially resonated, due to the inability to open her mouth, direct position of tongue, and sustain vocalizations
Goo and coo
Primarily vowel-like sounds with greater resonance. Some consonant-like sounds may be produced. Syllable structure is not present
Exploration/Expansion
Infant produce alterations of consonant-like and vowel like vocalizations. True syllable structure (CV and VC) emerges. Differentiation of consonant like vocalizations begins with /k/ or /g/, /p/ or /b/, and raspberries. Pitch and volume experimentation occurs.
Reduplicated babbling
Infant produces syllable combinations initially as exactly duplicated CV combinations. More refined consonant vowel sounds appear.
Variegated babbling/Inflected vocal play
Infant produces strings of syllables with variations of intonation patterns and stress patterns. These resemble adult-like sentences but contain few if any real words. Phonemes and words of native language emerge.
Long term goals should take into account
baseline behaviors, factors hypothesized to maintain disorder
Short term goals should take into account
Contributes most to intelligibiity, affects more sounds
What are the three phases of treatment?
Establishment, generalization, maintenance
Establishment phase-
Focus on eliciting target sounds and producing them spontaneously
What is the hierarchy of difficulty
- Isolation
- Nonsense syllable
- Word
- Carrier Phrase
- Sentence (vary syntactically)
- Monologue
- Conversation
Generalization phase-
Focus on extending the domain of production of the target sound
What are three factors related to generalization?
Training enough words, providing enough feedback, training accuracy of self-monitoring
Maintenance phase
Phase where client habituates the target behavior and assumes increased responsibility for self-monitoring
According to the ____, children are innately equipped with universal processes which change or delete phonological units. Children must suppress those which do not occur in the target language.
Natural phonology theory
According to the ___, children’s phonology is gradually shaped from babbling by primary reinforcers in the form of caretaker nurturing and secondary reinforcement in the form of reinforcements of those sounds that match those in the environment.
Behaviorist model
According to the __, children are born with a phonological representational framework and tier association principles. However, phonological input is required in order to confirm the universal representation by matching it and learn the less universal phonological aspects of language.
Non-linear model
According to the __, children develop phonology according to a hierarchical universal and innate order of acquisition.
Structuralist model
A process of sound change in which no influence from the phonetic environment is noted to cause the sound change (e.g., /g/à[d] in a variety of phonetic environments) is called
Context free process
True/False Jakobson’s theory of phonological development supported the belief that children’s speech development is a consequence of caretaker reinforcement.
False- Mauer
True/False Phonetic representation refers to the abstract underlying representation, while phonemic representation refers to the actual surface representation.
False- switch them
True/False Diacritics are marks added to transcription symbols to give them a specific phonetic value.
True
Four components of the articulatory system
Respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation?
T/f obstruents are more natural than sonorants
T
T/F Voiceless obstruents are more natural than voiced obstruents
True p
What are the most natural vowels?
Low-front
Three types of phonological processes
Syllable structure, substitution, assimilatory
Amisyllabic consonants
Intervocalic consonant that can belong to two syllables, depending on stress
Main goal of cycles approach
Improve intelligibility in children with moderate-severe phonological disorder
How Cycles is administered
-Review target items of previous session
- Auditory bombardment
-Creative activity
- Experimental play activities
-Stimulability probes
- Repeat auditory bombardment
(Short daily practice sessions)
Cycle through different phoneme targets
Target population for PACT
-3-6 year old children with mild-moderate-severe phonological impairment
Secondary population- up to age 10
How PACT is administered
50 minute treatment sessions- 30-40 mins with clinician and 20 mins with parent present
Blocks- Periods of intervention
Breaks- Periods of no treatment (8 weeks usually)
Working at word level
Parent education, metalinguistic training (phonological awareness), phonetic production training using stimulability techniques, auditory contrasts (listening lists), and minimal contrasts therapy (sorting cards into minimal pairs), homework
Target population for PROMPT is children with ______ disorders
Motor speech
proven not to be effective for children with phonological disorders
Independent Analysis
Child’s system is viewed as self-contained. Describes speakers productions without reference to a model
Developmentally,initial and final positions, labial and alveolar consonants occur _____ velar
Before
Implicational hierarchy
Presence of certain sounds implies the presence of others
Presence of a final stop indicates _____
Presence of an initial stop
Presence of a final nasal indicates _____
Presence of an initial nasal
Presence of an initial liquid indicates _____
Presence of a final liquid
Phonological rules vs. processes
Rules are the contexts and processes are the patterns
Nonlinear phonology
Tiered system-Sounds, syllable, sentence
Work on segmental and suprasegmental features
Biofeedback
For articulation
Electropalatography
