Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Articulation > Artic Final > Flashcards

Artic Final Flashcards

Kick some ass on this final

1
Q

Articulation definition

A

Totality of processes that result in speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many muscles involved?

A

As many as 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Speech sounds definition

A

Physical sound realities- they are end products of articulatory motor processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phonology

A

Study of the sound system of language- include rules that govern its spoken form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Articulation disorder

A

Difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech or inability to produce certain speech sounds
- Child may not be stimulable for sounds produced in error

  • term historically used to denote all children who demonstrated an inability to produce certain speech sounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phonological disorder

A

Refers to impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit within a language that can combine with other units to establish words and distinguish between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Minimal pair

A

Words that differ in only one phoneme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phonology

A

How phonemes are organized and function in communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Phonotactic constraints

A

Rules governing the position of words phonemes can be used in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Phonological vs. articulation disorder?

A

Phonetic errors result in articulation disorders whereas phonemic errors represent phonological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cognates

A

Pairs of similar sounds differing in only one feature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Parameters to describe vowels

A

Portion of tongue involved in articulation- front vs. back

Tongue position relative to palate high vs. low

Degree of lip rounding/unrounding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parameters to describe consonants

A

Place of articulation

Manner of articulation

Voicing features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Coarticulation

A

Concept that the articulators are continually moving into position for other segments over a stretch of speech.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Result of coarticulation is referred to as ____

A

Assimilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Coalescence

A

Features from two adjacent sounds are combined so that one sound replaces two other sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three parts of a syllable

A

Peak, onset, coda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peak

A

Most prominent, acoustically intense part of a syllable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Onset

A

All segments prior to the peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Coda

A

Sound segments of a syllable following it’s peak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phonation

A

Sound wave vibration of air produced by the vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Respiration

A

Provides air flow. In order to speak you must have a breath stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Resonance

A

Created by varying the oral cavity/change shape of oral cavity/change size of vocal tract- modify sound waves

Through moving the articulators, you can change resonances by interfering with the air flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Articulation problem- generally how to provide therapy

A

One phoneme at a time. Treatment includes:
Auditory discrimination, behavior modification, stimulus/response, behavior management, operant conditioning- when child performs the operation, give him/her a reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Guy behind structuralist/universalist theory

A

Jakobson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Universalist- two distinct periods of vocal production?

A

Babbling and onset of meaningful speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens during the babbling period?

A

Infant produces a great quantity and diversity of sounds, produces diverse sound without any regular sequence of acquisition,
discontinuity- infant must relearn speech sounds- babbling not considered continuous with phonemic development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What happens during the onset of meaningful speech period?

A

Infant develops his/her language’s phonological system according to a hierarchical, universal, and innate order of acquisition
Infants learn oppositions/contrasts of decreasing magnitude expressed in distinctive features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Guys behind behaviorist/learning theory

A

Mowrer and Olmstead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Characteristics of behaviorist/learning theory

A

Infant vocalizations are shaped through a series of steps as a consequence of contingent reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sequence of events in behaviorist/learning theory

A
  • Infant attends to caretaker’s vocalizations during nurturing
  • Caretaker’s speech takes on secondary reinforcement patterns
  • Infant’s own vocalizations take on secondary reinforcing values
  • Infant productions which closely resemble caretaker’s speech selectively reinforced by caretaker and infant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Generative/prosodic components of analysis of a child’s system

A

Adult pronounced form, child’s perceived form, child’s underlying form, phonotactic rules, substitution rules, child’s spoken form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Interactionist-Discovery Theory

A

Phonological acquisition is the result of a child’s active discovery of patterns in the input language
Child uses these patterns to attack new words, while at the same time adult input is examined for new structures
Child is capable of inventing a set of phonological rules designed to reduce the complexity of target words to a pronounceable level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Distinctive features

A

Phonetic constituents that distinguish between phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Binary systems

A

Use + and - signs to indicate presence or absence of distinctive sound features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Universal features

A

Characteristics that exist between the phoneme systems of different languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Distinctive feature analysis

A

Sound substitution can be specified according to presence or absence of distinctive features between the target sound and the substitution. Can also be used to document patterns of errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is ordering?

A

Another step in gradual revision of the phonological system from its innate state to the adult form:
Sue and zoo realized as /tu/
Then the pattern changes to /tu/ for Sue and /du/ for zoo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Suppression

A

Term used in natural phonology to refer to the abolishment of previously employed phonological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Nonlinear (Multilinear) Phonologies

A

Single sound segments seen as being governed by more complex linguistic dimensions (stress, intonation, metrical, and rhythmical factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Autosegmental phonology

A
  • Nonlinear phonological theory proposed by John Goldsmith’s attempts to characterize changes within the boundary of a segment by factoring them out, putting them into a different tier
  • Autosegmental refers to the concept that certain segments are autonomous; they do not have a one-to-one match on another level.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Tiers

A

Separable and independent levels representing a sequence of articulatory gestures or a set of acoustic features

44
Q

Association lines

A

Indicators for connections between autosegmentals on different tiers

45
Q

Linkage condition

A

Any condition governing the association of units on each tier. E.g. A segment not linked to a position on another tier, will not be phonetically realized. Characterizes the association of units on each tier

46
Q

Skeleton (or CV) tier

A

Represents a syllable and its hierarchically related components onset and rhyme

47
Q

Onset

A

Label for all segments of a syllable before its nucleus

48
Q

Rhyme

A

Cover term for syllable nucleus and coda

49
Q

Clinical implication of nonlinear phonology

A

Sound segments no longer seen as independent, sequentially arranged sound units of equal value, but as segments hierarchically influenced by other, linguistically more complex dimensions

50
Q

Why is it important to get a connected speech sample?

A
  • Main goal of phonological therapy is correct production of sounds in spontaneous conversation
  • Connected speech samples allow one to observe phoneme production in a variety of contexts
  • Speech sound errors are often variable and inconsistent and it has been suggested that sounds are often easier to produce in some contexts as opposed to others
51
Q

Relational Analysis Def

A

Most commonly used type of analysis. Involves comparing the client’s production to the target forms seen in the adult standard. Focus is identification of sounds produced in error and or error patterns based on comparison of the client’s productions to the adult form. Includes assessment of:
Articulatory mastery
Distinctive features
Analysis of phonological processes

52
Q

Clipping

A

Long vowels and diphthongs tend to be shortened before voiceless consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/

53
Q

Vowel feature change def

A

Involve the substitution or merging of one or more of the vowel features of height, frontness, tenseness, or lip rounding

54
Q

Complexity change def

A

Involves diphthongization of monophthongs

55
Q

Vowel harmony

A

Involve errors in multisyllabic words where one vowel changes in order to share one or more features with another vowel in the word

56
Q

Vowel backing

A

Vowel is replaced with a more posterior vowel

57
Q

Vowel lowering

A

A vowel is replaced with a vowel made with a lower tongue position

58
Q

Vowel raising

A

A wel is replaced with a vowel made with a higher tongue position

59
Q

Centralization

A

Vowel replaced by a vowel with a more central tongue position

60
Q

Vowel unrounding

A

A normally rounded vowel is replaced with a non-rounded vowel boat–> /bat/

61
Q

Diphthongization

A

Monopthong is produced as a diphthong

62
Q

Diphthong reduction

A

Diphthong produced as a monophthong

63
Q

Complete vowel harmony

A

One vowel is changed so that two vowels in a word are the same. Vowels can also assimilate to tenseness or height
coffee–>kiri
office /afas/

64
Q

Why do Mower and Jakobsen disagree on the significance of babbling?

A

Mower believe babbling is an onset of speech, Jakobsen does not

65
Q

What stops happening at 7-10 months in babbling?

A

Child begins to stop using sounds that aren’t in the adult model, child uses more vowels than consonants, deaf children’s babbling decreases due to the lack of auditory feedback

66
Q

What are Oller’s stages of Phonological Acquisition?

A 
0-1 month: Quasi-resonant nucleus
2-3 months: Goo and coo
4-6 months: Exploration/Expansion
7-10 months: Reduplicated babbling
11-14 months: Variegated babbling/inflected vocal play
67
Q

Quasi resonant nucleus

A

Infant produces oral sounds that are only partially resonated, due to the inability to open her mouth, direct position of tongue, and sustain vocalizations

68
Q

Goo and coo

A

Primarily vowel-like sounds with greater resonance. Some consonant-like sounds may be produced. Syllable structure is not present

69
Q

Exploration/Expansion

A

Infant produce alterations of consonant-like and vowel like vocalizations. True syllable structure (CV and VC) emerges. Differentiation of consonant like vocalizations begins with /k/ or /g/, /p/ or /b/, and raspberries. Pitch and volume experimentation occurs.

70
Q

Reduplicated babbling

A

Infant produces syllable combinations initially as exactly duplicated CV combinations. More refined consonant vowel sounds appear.

71
Q

Variegated babbling/Inflected vocal play

A

Infant produces strings of syllables with variations of intonation patterns and stress patterns. These resemble adult-like sentences but contain few if any real words. Phonemes and words of native language emerge.

72
Q

Long term goals should take into account

A

baseline behaviors, factors hypothesized to maintain disorder

73
Q

Short term goals should take into account

A

Contributes most to intelligibiity, affects more sounds

74
Q

What are the three phases of treatment?

A

Establishment, generalization, maintenance

75
Q

Establishment phase-

A

Focus on eliciting target sounds and producing them spontaneously

76
Q

What is the hierarchy of difficulty

A
  1. Isolation
  2. Nonsense syllable
  3. Word
  4. Carrier Phrase
  5. Sentence (vary syntactically)
  6. Monologue
  7. Conversation
77
Q

Generalization phase-

A

Focus on extending the domain of production of the target sound

78
Q

What are three factors related to generalization?

A

Training enough words, providing enough feedback, training accuracy of self-monitoring

79
Q

Maintenance phase

A

Phase where client habituates the target behavior and assumes increased responsibility for self-monitoring

80
Q

According to the ____, children are innately equipped with universal processes which change or delete phonological units. Children must suppress those which do not occur in the target language.

A

Natural phonology theory

81
Q

According to the ___, children’s phonology is gradually shaped from babbling by primary reinforcers in the form of caretaker nurturing and secondary reinforcement in the form of reinforcements of those sounds that match those in the environment.

A

Behaviorist model

82
Q

According to the __, children are born with a phonological representational framework and tier association principles. However, phonological input is required in order to confirm the universal representation by matching it and learn the less universal phonological aspects of language.

A

Non-linear model

83
Q

According to the __, children develop phonology according to a hierarchical universal and innate order of acquisition.

A

Structuralist model

84
Q

A process of sound change in which no influence from the phonetic environment is noted to cause the sound change (e.g., /g/à[d] in a variety of phonetic environments) is called

A

Context free process

85
Q

True/False Jakobson’s theory of phonological development supported the belief that children’s speech development is a consequence of caretaker reinforcement.

A

False- Mauer

86
Q

True/False Phonetic representation refers to the abstract underlying representation, while phonemic representation refers to the actual surface representation.

A

False- switch them

87
Q

True/False Diacritics are marks added to transcription symbols to give them a specific phonetic value.

A

True

88
Q

Four components of the articulatory system

A

Respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation?

89
Q

T/f obstruents are more natural than sonorants

A

T

90
Q

T/F Voiceless obstruents are more natural than voiced obstruents

A

True p

91
Q

What are the most natural vowels?

A

Low-front

92
Q

Three types of phonological processes

A

Syllable structure, substitution, assimilatory

93
Q

Amisyllabic consonants

A

Intervocalic consonant that can belong to two syllables, depending on stress

94
Q

Main goal of cycles approach

A

Improve intelligibility in children with moderate-severe phonological disorder

95
Q

How Cycles is administered

A

-Review target items of previous session
- Auditory bombardment
-Creative activity
- Experimental play activities
-Stimulability probes
- Repeat auditory bombardment
(Short daily practice sessions)
Cycle through different phoneme targets

96
Q

Target population for PACT

A

-3-6 year old children with mild-moderate-severe phonological impairment

Secondary population- up to age 10

97
Q

How PACT is administered

A

50 minute treatment sessions- 30-40 mins with clinician and 20 mins with parent present
Blocks- Periods of intervention
Breaks- Periods of no treatment (8 weeks usually)
Working at word level
Parent education, metalinguistic training (phonological awareness), phonetic production training using stimulability techniques, auditory contrasts (listening lists), and minimal contrasts therapy (sorting cards into minimal pairs), homework

98
Q

Target population for PROMPT is children with ______ disorders

A

Motor speech

proven not to be effective for children with phonological disorders

99
Q

Independent Analysis

A

Child’s system is viewed as self-contained. Describes speakers productions without reference to a model

100
Q

Developmentally,initial and final positions, labial and alveolar consonants occur _____ velar

A

Before

101
Q

Implicational hierarchy

A

Presence of certain sounds implies the presence of others

102
Q

Presence of a final stop indicates _____

A

Presence of an initial stop

103
Q

Presence of a final nasal indicates _____

A

Presence of an initial nasal

104
Q

Presence of an initial liquid indicates _____

A

Presence of a final liquid

105
Q

Phonological rules vs. processes

A

Rules are the contexts and processes are the patterns

106
Q

Nonlinear phonology

A

Tiered system-Sounds, syllable, sentence

Work on segmental and suprasegmental features

107
Q

Biofeedback

A

For articulation

Electropalatography

Articulation (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions