Arthrology Flashcards
What six synovial joints exist?
Planar, Hinge, Pivot, Condyloid, Sellar, and Spheroidal
What is a planar joint?
A synovial joint that is flat with uniaxial gliding and sliding with a tight joint capsule
What is a ginglymus joint?
A hinge joint that is uniaxial and has a thin, slack joint capsule
What is a trochoid joint?
A pivot joint with uniaxial rotation
What is a condyloid joint?
A joint with one or two concave surfaces articulating with one or two convex surfaces, biaxial
What is a sellar joint?
A saddle joint that has both surfaces convex and concave, biaxial, and allows false circumduction without rotation
What is a spheroidal joint?
A ball and socket joint that is multiaxial and allows circumspection in multiple planes
What kind of fibrous joints are there?
Sutures (serrated, squamous, and planar), schindylesis, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
What is a suture joint?
A fibrous joint that is interlocked bone separated by fibrous connective tissue
What is schindylesis?
A fibrous joint that is described as a tongue-in-groove joined by fibrous connective tissue
What is gomphosis?
A fibrous joint that is described as peg-in-socket joined by fibrous connective tissue
What is syndesmosis?
A fibrous joint where two bones are separated by a fibrous membrane
What joints are considered to be cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and symphysis
What is synchondrosis?
A primary cartilaginous joint that is characterized by temporary cartilaginous unions of hyaline cartilage, usually between the diaphysis and epiphysis of growing bone
What is a symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous joints characterized by strong slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartilage
What kind of joint is the atlantooccipital joint?
It is a condyloid synovial joint, between the atlas and the basilar occipital bone.
What kind of joint is the median antlantoaxial joint?
It is a trochoid synovial joint between the anterior facet of the dens of the axis and the articular facet for the dens on the atlas
What kind of joint is the lateral atlantoaxial joint?
A Planar synovial joint between the superior and inferior articulating process of the atlas and axis
What kind of joint is the lumbosacral joint?
It is a compound joint of symphysis and planar synovial, between L5 and the sacrum
What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
A Sellar synovial joint between the clavicular notch of the manubrium and the sternal facet on the sternal end of the clavicle
What are the important components of the sternoclavicular joint?
Articular capsule (fibrous capsule that surrounds the joint), the articular disc, costoclavicular ligament, anterior sternoclavicular ligament, posterior sternoclavicular ligament, and the interclavicular ligament
What kind of joint is the acriomioclavicular joint?
A planar synovial joint between the acromial facet on the acromial end of the clavicle and the facet on the acromion of the scapula
What are important components of the acromioclavicular joint?
Articular capsule (surrounds the joint), articular disc, acriomioclavicular ligament, coracoclavicular ligament (comprised of the trapezoid and Conoid ligaments)
What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?
A spheroidal synovial joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapular head, which is deepened and supported by the glenoid labrum and the head of the humerus
What are the important components of the glenohumeral joint?
Glenoid labrum, articular capsule (loose and surrounds the joint), synovial membrane (lines the fibrous capsule, communicates with the subscapular bursa, forms a sheath around the long head of the biceps brachii tendon), bursae of the glenohumeral joint (subscapular and subacromial), glenohumeral ligament, coracohumeral ligament, transverse numeral ligament, and the coracoacromial arch (including the coracoacromial ligament)
What kind of joint is the elbow?
A Ginglymus synovial joint between the numeral condole, the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius
What are the important components of the elbow joint?
Articular capsule and synovial membrane; humeroulnar joint that has the ulnar collateral ligament and anterior, posterior, and oblique band as well; humeroradial joint that has the radial collateral ligament with annular ligament around the radial head
What are the bursae of the elbow joint?
Olecranon Bursae (subtendinous olecranon, intratendinous olecranon, and subcutaneous olecranon)
subcutaneous bursa of the medial numeral epicondyle
Subcutaneous bursa of the lateral numeral epicondyle
Bursa of the anconeus
Bursa at origin of extensor Carpi radialis brevis
Bicipitoradial bursa
What kind of joints are the radioulnar joints?
- Proximal Radioulnar is a trochoid synovial joint
- Middle Radioulnar is a syndesmosis joint
- Distal Radioulnar is a trochoid synovial joint
What are the important components of the proximal radioulnar joint?
Articular capsule, synovial membrane, and the annular ligament (holds the radial head in the radial notch)
What are the important components of the middle radioulnar joint?
Oblique cord and the interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius
What are the important components of the distal radioulnar joint?
Articular capsule (fibrous capsule + synovial membrane), sacciform recess (small pocket of synovial membrane protruding out from under the fibrous capsule), and the articular disc
What kind of joint is the radiocarpal joint (wrist)?
Condylar synovial joint between the distal end of the radius, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum bones
What are the important components of the wrist joint?
Articular capsule (fibrous capsule and synovial membrane) + articular disc of the distal radioulnar joint
Palmar and Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
Palmar and Dorsal Ulnocarpal ligaments
Radial and Ulnar Collateral Ligaments
What kind of joint are the intercarpal joints? (I.e. scapholunate, lunotriquetrum, pisotriquetrum, pisohamate, trapeziotrapezoid, capitiohamate, trapeziocapitate)
Planar synovial joints
What are the important components of the intercarpal joints?
Articular capsule (fibrous capsule and synovial membrane)
Posterior intercarpal ligament (between carpal bones posteriorly)
Anterior Intercarpal ligament (between carpal bones anteriorly)
Interosseous intercarpal ligament (in the joint space b/w carpal bones)
Pisiform joint (articulation of the pisiform with anterior surface of triquetrum)
Pisohamate ligament (between the pisiform and the hook of the hamate)
What kind of joint are the midcarpal joints? (I.e. between proximal and distal rows of carpals)
Sellar synovial joints
What are the important components of the midcarpal joints?
Articular capsule (fibrous capsule and synovial membrane)
It is strengthened by the anterior and posterior intercarpal ligaments and the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments of the wrist, too
What kind of joint is the 1st Carpometacarpal joint?
Sellar Synovial
What are the important components of the 1st carpometacarpal joint?
Articular capsule
Palmar Carpometacarpal Ligament
Dorsal Carpometacarpal Ligament
What kind of joints are the 2nd-5th Carpometacarpal joints?
Planar Synovial joints
What are the important components of the 2nd-5th Carpometacarpal joints?
Articular capsule
Palmar and Dorsal Carpometacarpal Ligaments
Pisometacarpal ligament
Radiate Carpal Ligament
What kind of joint are the intermetacarpal joints?
Planar synovial joints
What are the important components of the intermetacarpal joints?
Articular capsule
Dorsal and Palmer Intermetacarpal ligaments
Interosseous Intermetacarpal ligament (inside the joint space between bases of metacarpal bones)
What kind of joint are the Metacarpophalangeal joints?
Condylar Synovial joints
What are the important components of the Metacarpophalangeal joints?
Articular capsule
Palmar Ligament
Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligament
Deep transverse Metacarpal ligament
What kind of joint is the 1st Interphalangeal joint?
Ginglymus Synovial
What are the important components of the 1st interphalangeal joint?
Articular Capsule
Palmar Ligament
Medial and Lateral Collateral Ligament
What kind of joint is the proximal interphalangeal joint?
Ginglymus Synovial (union between 2nd-5th proximal and intermediate phalanges)
What are the important components of the proximal interphalangeal joints?
Articular Capsule
Palmar Ligament
Medial and Lateral collateral Ligament
What kind of joint is the distal interphalangeal joint?
Ginglymus synovial (union between 2nd-5th intermediate and distal phalanges)
What are the important components of the Distal interphalangeal joints?
Articular capsule
Palmar Ligament
Medial and Lateral collateral ligaments
What is pectoral fascia?
It invests the Pectoralis Major M., is continuous superiory with the deltoid fascia, laterally with axiallary fascia, and inferiorly with abdominal deep fascia
What is axillary fascia?
The floor of the axilla, continuous medically with pectoral fascia and inferiorly with clavipectoral fascia
What is clavipectoral fascia?
Deep to Pectoral fascia and the pectoralis major m., Extends inferiorly from the clavicle to invest the subclavius and pectoralis minor m. before blending with axillary fascia
What are the Costocoracoid membrane and the suspensory ligament of the axilla?
Costocoracoid: clavipectoral fascia between the subclavius muscle and the pectoralis minor muscle
Suspensory: Clavipectoral fascia between the pectoralis minor muscle and the axillary fascia, forms the axillary fossa
What is deltoid fascia?
Covers the deltoid muscle, continuous anteriorly with pectoral fascia and posterirly with infraspinous fascia
What is Supraspinous fascia?
Extremely dense fascia overlying the supraspinatus muscle
What is infraspinous fascia?
Extremely dense fascia overlying the infraspinatus muscle
What is brachial fascia?
It is continuous superiority with pectoral, deltoid, infraspinous, and axiallary fascia, continuous inferiorly with antebracial fascia, and covers the musculature of the brachium
What is the Medial Intermuscular Septum?
It extends from the deep surface of the brachial fascia to the humerus, distally to the medial supraepicondylar ridge, in conjunction with the lateral intermuscular septum separates the brachium into an anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartment
What is the Lateral Intermuscular Septum?
Extends from the deep surface of the brachial fascia to the humerus, distal to the lateral supraepicondylar ridge
What is Antebrachial fascia?
Continuous superiority with brachial fascia, utilizes the interosseous membrane to divide the ante brachium into an anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartment
What is the extensor retinaculum?
It is a transverse focal thickening of antebrachial fascia, holds the extensor tendons in position
What is the palmar carpal ligament?
It is a corresponding anterior transverse focal thickening of antebrachial fascia, continuous with the extensor retinaculum
What is the flexor retinaculum/Transverse carpal ligament?
It is deep and distal to the palmar carpal ligament, a fibrous band extending from the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium across the carpal arch to the hook of the hamate and pisiform forming the carpal tunnel
What is palmar fascia?
Continuous proximally with antebrachial fascia
What is the palmar aponeurosis? What is it made up of?
A thickened central region of palmar fascia, continuous proximally with the palmaris Longus tendon.
Superficial transverse metacarpal ligament: base of aponeurosis
Retinaculum Cutis: numerous small ligaments that extend from the aponeurosis to the skin, restricting palmar skin movement
Medial Fibrous septum: separates the hypothecate compartment from the central compartment
Lateral Fibrous septum: separates the the air compartment from the central compartment
What are fibrous digital sheaths?
Distal extensions from the palmar aponeurosis, fibrous tubes that enclose the synovial sheaths of the long flexor tendons, arranged into alternating annular and cruciform segments
What area the 5 compartments of the hand?
Hypothenar
Central
Thenar
Adductor
Interosseous
