Arthrology Flashcards
What are the three classifications of joint movement?
Synarthrosis - immovable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
Diarthrosis - freely movable
What three structures create articulation between two bones?
Fibrous, Cartilaginonus, & Synovial
Name the three types of Fibrous structures
- Syndesmosis
- Suture
- Gomphosis
Which fibrous structure is classified as an amphiarthrosis? Name an example of this structure.
Syndesmosis - interosseous ligament
Which structure is between some bones of the skull?
Suture - short fibrous band forming a ‘sutural ligament’
Synarthrosis
Gomphosis is an articulation between…
tooth root & alveolus (bony socket)
short fibrous band, forms periodontal ligament
Synarthrosis
What is the composition of a Cartilaginous structure?
Hyaline cartilage & fibrocartilage
Which cartilaginous structure has amphiarthrosis movements?
Symphysis
Articular surface covered by thin layer of hyaline cartilage, attached to fibrocartilage pad
Which structure forms a plate of hyaline cartilage? What type of movement does this allow?
Synchondrosis - synarthrosis movement
e.g. 1st rib & sternum
Epiphyseal plate is a temporary synchondrosis
Name two examples of a symphysis joint
Pubic Symphysis (aids in childbirth)
Intervertebral Discs (adds height/weight to vertebral column)
Synovial joints exhibit what kind of movement?
Free movement - Diarthrosis
What are the two layers of the synovial joint capsule?
Fibrous layer/membrane
Synovial membrane
Which membrane is the thick, outer membrane comprised of dense CT and type I collagen? What is it contiguous with?
Fibrous membrane
Contiguous with the periosteum
What are the two layers of the synovial membrane?
Fibrous layer
Cellular layer
Which synovial membrane layer lies superficial to the fibrous membrane? What is contained within this layer?
Fibrous layer - contains fibroblasts which produce collagen
Which layer of the joint capsule can also be referred to as the “Capsular Ligament”?
Fibrous layer/membrane
Which synovial layer lies next to the synovial cavity? What is the general name for cells in this layer?
Cellular layer
Contains synoviocytes
What are the two types of synoviocytes in the cellular layer of the synovial membrane?
Macrophage-like cells - immediately next to synovial cavity; phagocytic
Fibroblast-like cells - next to fibrous layer of synovial membrane. Produce hyaluronic acid.
NOTE - these are not actual macrophage and fibroblast cells.
What makes up synovial fluid?
Hyaluronic acid & blood plasma
What are the main functions of synovial fluid?
Lubrication, cushioning, protection, nutrition
Articular cartilage has no direct blood supply
What’s another name for a closed, synovial fluid-filled sac?
Bursa - “pillow” between bony surface and overlying soft tissue (skin/ligament/tendon)
Describe an articular disc/meniscus.
Fibrocartilage pad between articular surfaces which stabilizes & cushions
e.g. Temporomandibular joint
What is another name for a triaxial joint?
Multiaxial or “universal”
Which synovial joint exhibits multiaxial movement? Give both names
Ball-and-socket or Spheroidal
Describe the articulation of a spheroidal joint
Globular surface of one bone articulates with cup-shaped surface of another bone
What are the two biaxial synovial joints?
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal
Saddle/sellar
Give an example of an ellipsoidal joint and describe its articulation
Convex oval-shaped surface —> concave elliptical surface
e.g. MP joint
Which biaxial joint allows opposition?
Saddle/sellar
What is the articulation of the saddle joint?
Each articulating surface has both concave and convex regions - surface of one bone fits complementary surface of another
Which joint exhibits nearly flat articulations? What movement is present?
Gliding/arthrodial (also called planar/sliding)
Nonaxial!
Give an example of a gliding joint
Z-joint (zygapophyseal joint)
A ginglymoidal joint can also be referred to as a…
hinge joint
A hinge joint exhibits what type of movement? What is the articulation?
Uniaxial! “open/close joint”
Convex cylindrical surface —> concave cylindrical surface
Give two examples of a hinge joint
Knee
IP joint
An example of this uniaxial joint is the proximal radioulnar joint…
Pivot/Trochoidal
Also seen between atlas/axis (glenooccipital joint)
What is the articulation of a trochoidal joint?
Cylindrical pin rotates w/in ring formed of bone and ligament
Angular joint movements happen in these two planes of the body:
Sagittal
Coronal
Flexion and extension are examples of movement within which plane?
Sagittal
What two movements are considered part of the coronal plane?
Abduction/Adduction
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion occur at which joint?
Talo-crural (ankle) joint
What is an example of circumduction?
Twiddling thumbs
movement in which distal end of segment moves in a circle while the proximal end remains fixed
Movement of a body part around its own long axis is which type of circular joint movement?
Rotation (pronation/supination)
If you put the soles of your feet together, you’re performing what type of movement?
Inversion (sole is medial)
If the sole was lateral, it would be eversion
What is the difference between a subluxation and a luxation?
Subluxation - partial dislocation
Luxation - tearing of synovial membrane resulting in a total dislocation
Symptoms: pain, swelling, loss of ROM, joint remodeling
In elderly, what may occur instead of a dislocation?
Bone fracture
In children, what may occur instead of a dislocation?
Rupture of an epiphyseal plate. This may cause premature ossification of the bone.
What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?
Sprain - over-stretching/tearing of ligaments
Strain - damage to muscle tissue
Which type of arthritis is more common in elderly patients? What areas would this typically affect?
Osteoarthritis (OA) - degenerative disease
Occurs in large, weight bearing joints aka Knees, Hips (unilaterally)
Can also occur in joints previously involved in acute trauma
Which type of arthritis results in the production of abnormal secretions? Describe these two abnormal secretions.
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Fibrous secretions - joint fusion
Granular secretions - destructs articular cargilage
What is the most common demographic for an RA patient?
Middle aged female
Which type of arthritis is genetic and autoimmune?
RA
Does RA occur bilaterally? What’s usually affected?
Usually bilateral
Affects hands/feet
Which type of arthritis is associated with development of accessory bone at periphery of joint surfaces?
Osteoarthritis
