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Human Disease > Arthritis, Rheumatology > Flashcards

Arthritis, Rheumatology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 main types of arthritis

A
  • osteoarthritis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • ankylosing spondylitis
  • gout
  • septic arthritis (infection)
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2
Q

What does arthritis mean?

A

inflam of bone

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3
Q

What is rheumatology?

A

study of locatmotive system

- joints, muscles, ligaments

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4
Q

Name 3 main subtypes of rheumatic disease and list diseases within these subtypes

A
  1. Degenerative
    - osteoarthritis
    - cervical spondylitis
  2. Inflammatory
    - rheumatoid arthritis
    - crystal arthropathies - gout / pseudo-gout
    - septic arthritis
    - connective tissue disease
    - Seronegative SpA (spondyloarthritis) - eg - ankylosing spondylitis
  3. Soft tissue
    - tennis elbow
    - golfer’s elbow
    - mechanical back pain
    - repetitive strain
  4. Other
    - fibromyalgia
    - osteoporosis
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5
Q

What are risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A

age
trauma
osteoporosis
obesity

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6
Q

What is fibromyalgia?

A

rheumatic condition characterized by muscular or musculoskeletal pain with stiffness and localized tenderness at specific points on the body

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7
Q

Name 4 Seronegative Spondylarthropathies

A
  1. ankylosing spondylitis
  2. reactive arthritis
  3. psoriatic arthritis
  4. enteropathic arthritis

Common for young men to get them
Lots of joints can be affected
Rheumatoid factor not present (therefore seronegative)
Where ligaments enter joints = issue (not synovial fluid)

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8
Q

What is reactive arthritis?

A

inflam caused by an infection - eg UTI, sore throat
can occur anywhere
No treatment
Usually self limiting

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9
Q

What is psoriatic arthritis?

A

inflam of any joint

associated with psoriosis (scaly skin)

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10
Q

What is enteropathic arthritis?

A

inflam of joints

linked to Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis

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11
Q

What gender / age often get Seronegative Spondylarthropathies?

A

young men

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12
Q

Why are they called Seronegative Spondylarthropathies?

A

Rheumatoid factor not present (therefore seronegative)

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13
Q

What part of joint is affected by Seronegative Spondylarthropathies?

A

Where ligaments enter joints = issue (not synovial fluid)

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14
Q

Name 6 connective tissue disorders

A
  1. SLE - lupus
  2. Sjogren’s syndrome
  3. Scleroderma
  4. polymyositis
  5. dermatomyositis
  6. Vascularitis
    - giant cell arteritis
    - PMR - polymyalgia rheumatica
    - Takayasu’s arteritis
    - polyarteritis nodosa
    - Wedener’s granulomatisis
    - Behcet’s syndrome
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15
Q

What is main area affected by giant cell arteritis?

A

temples are sore because carotid a. inflam

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16
Q

What is scleroderma?

A

all organs become fibrous
therefore tighter
eg harder to open mouth

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17
Q

What is polymyositis and dermatomyositis?

A

attack on striated muscle, esp thighs

Dermatomyositis = panda eyes

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18
Q

What is polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

Vasculitis

inflam of medium to large arteries

19
Q

What is Takayasu’s arteritis?

A

Vasculitis

inflam of aorta

20
Q

What is affected in Wegener’s granulomatisis?

A

Vasculitis
inflam of small arteries
kidney issues

21
Q

What are symptoms of Behcet’s syndrome?

A

Vasculitis

  • miscarriages
  • oral ulcers
  • genital ulcers
22
Q

Name components of a normal joint

A 
bone
cartilage 
capsule (ligament)
synovium
synovial fluid
enthesis
23
Q

How think is cartilage in a healthy joint?

A

1-3mm

24
Q

What does the synovium do?

A

produces synovial fluid

passes on nutrients from blood to cartilage

25
Q

Is blood and / or nerves present in cartilage?

A

Neither

26
Q

What is the enthesis?

A

Where ligaments/tendons joins bone

part of joint

27
Q

What are causes of 5 main types of arthritis?

A
  1. osteoarthritis - cartilage death
  2. rheumatoid arthritis - inflam of synovium
  3. ankylosing spondylosis - inflam of enthesis, new bone formation (syndesmophytes)
  4. septic arthritis - infection
  5. gout - crystal formation (sodium urate = gout, calcium pyrophospate = pseudogout)
28
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A 
asymmetrical loading of joint
reduced cartilage - in patches
subchondral bone thickens / sclerosis- to protect itself
capsule thickens
maybe increase in synovial fluid
osteophytes form
29
Q

Why does subchondral bone thicken / sclerose in osteoarthritis?

A

to protect itself and cartilage dies

30
Q

What happens to joint space in osteoarthritis?

A

It narrows

NB may have increase in synovial fluid

31
Q

What are two bony reactions of osteoarthritis?

A
  • osteophytes form

- subchondral thickening

32
Q

What happens to capsule in osteoarthritis?

A

It thickens, becomes fibrotic

33
Q

What happens to synovium in osteoarthritis?

A

may become inflam

may produce more synovial fluid

34
Q

If patient stays they have arthritis, what is best question to ask to determine type?

A

Do you see a rheumatologist?
If no = osteoarthritis
If yes = rheumatoid arthritis

35
Q

What are swellings on finger joints called in osteoarthritis?

A

main knuckle = Bouchard’s node

top knuckle = Heberden’s node

36
Q

What do swellings on finger joints feel like in osteoarthritis?

A

Feel hard and painless

37
Q

What can be seen in xrays with osteoarthritis?

A

joint space narrowing
subchondral bone thickening / sclerosis
osteophytes

38
Q

Who is more prone to osteoarthritis?

A

women

>50yrs

39
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflam and overgrowth of synovium
- mixture of acute and chronic changes (synovitis)
synovial cells enlarge and ‘eat’ bone = bone erosions

40
Q

What are systemic symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

fever, malaise, low BMI, reduced weight

increased risk ischemic heart disease

41
Q

What are local symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Pain

stiffness

42
Q

How will the joints feel if acute or chronic rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
acute = squishy joints
chronic = joints look deformed
43
Q

What happens to cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

generalised loss

NB osteoarthritis = patchy loss of cartilage

44
Q

Where is more most likely to thin in rheumatoid arthritis? What is this called?

A

juxta-articular osteoporosis

Human Disease (10 decks)

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