Arteriosclerosis - Pathoma Flashcards
What is arteriosclerosis?
hardening of arteries (due to thickening)
What are the three causes of arteriosclerosis?
- Atherosclerosis
- Arteriolosclerosis
- Monckeberg medial sclerosis
What layer does atherosclerosis effect?
thickening of the INTIMA in medium and large sized vessels
-intimal plaque (with necrotic lipid core with fibromuscular plaque) that disrupts blood flow
What is arteriolosclerosis? What is it due to?
thickening of small arterioles due to protein deposition or hyperplasia of smooth muscle
What layer does Monckeberg medial sclerosis effect?
Calcification of the MEDIA of the blood vessel (not clinically significant)
What are the four main arteries that develop atherosclerosis?
- Abdominal aorta
- Coronary
- Popliteal
- Internal carotid
What are the four modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?
- HTN
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Smoking
- Diabetes
What are the three complications of atherosclerosis in medium-sized blood vessels?
- Peripheral artery disease (e.g. popliteal)
- Angina (coronary artery)
- Ischemic bowel disease (mesenteric arteries)
What degree of stenosis causes complications in patients with atherosclerosis?
> 70%
What is the hallmark of atherosclerotic emboli?
Cholesterol clefts
How does atherosclerosis cause weakening of the vessel wall?
Blocks diffusion of oxygen to the layers of the vessel wall, layers become atrophic
What are the two types of arteriolosclerosis?
- Hyaline
2. Hyperplastic
What happens in hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
- proteins leak into vessel wall => vascular thickening
- reduced vessel caliber causes end organ ischemia
What two things cause hyaline arteriolosclerosis?
- Benign hypertension (forces protein into the wall)
2. Diabetes (non-enzymatic glycosylation of basement membrane => protein leaks in)
What happens in hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis?
-hyperplasia of smooth muscle (“onion skin” appearance)
