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Spinal (Arteries Forward) Exam 1 > Arteries And Forward > Flashcards

Arteries And Forward Flashcards

1
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?

A

The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery

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2
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?

A

The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery

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3
Q

What are the segmental arteries of the sacrum?

A

The iliolumbar, lateral sacral artery and median sacral artery.

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4
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?

A

C1-C6

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5
Q

What segments are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?

A

C1-C6

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6
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?

A

C7-T1

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7
Q

What segment levels are supplied by the superior(highest) intercostal artery?

A

T1,T2

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8
Q

What segment levels are supplied by the posterior intercostal artery?

A

T3-T11

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9
Q

What segmental level is applied by the subcoatal artery?

A

T12

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10
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?

A

L1-L4

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11
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?

A

L5.S1-S5 and coccyx

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12
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?

A

L5, S1-S5 and coccyx

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13
Q

What segmental levels are supplied by the lateral sacral artery?

A

L5,S1-S5 and coccyx

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14
Q

Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?

A

L5

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15
Q

What are the segmental arteries for L5?

A

Iliolumbar artery, median (middle) sacral artery and lateral sacral artery.

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16
Q

Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?

A

Spinal artery

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17
Q

Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?

A

Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery

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18
Q

What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus

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19
Q

What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavin?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus

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20
Q

What branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?

A

Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery

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21
Q

Which vessel will supply the ventral/anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?

A

Anterior radicular artery

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22
Q

Which vessel will supply the dorsal/posterior nerve rootless, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular artery

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23
Q

Which artery is now said to enlarge and form the medullary feeder artery?

A

The radicular artery

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24
Q

What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?

A

Anterior spinal artery

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25
Q

The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

The vertebral artery

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26
Q

Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

No

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27
Q

As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

Anterior medullary feeder arteries

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28
Q

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

The posterior inferior cerebellum artery

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29
Q

What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?

A

It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord

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30
Q

Is the posterior spinal

Artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

A

No

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31
Q

As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

A

Posterior medullary feeder arteries

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32
Q

What forms the arterial vas’s corona?

A

Anterior spinal arteries, posterior spinal arteries and communicating arteries

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33
Q

Hahahahaha hat is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?

A

Intramedullary arteries

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34
Q

What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vas’s corona ?

A

Paul perforating arteries and central/ventral/sulcal perforating arteries.

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35
Q

What artery gives off the ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries?

A

The anterior spinal artery

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36
Q

What arterial vas’s corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?

A

Ventral/central/sulcal perforating arteries

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37
Q

What intramedullary branches supply about 1/3 of the spinal cord?

A

Pial perforating arteries

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38
Q

What is the source for the pial perforating arteries?

A

The pial plexus

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39
Q

What arteries form the pial plexus?

A

The posterior spinal arteries and the communicating arteries

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40
Q

What arteries are responsible for the supplementing the arterial vasa corona along the cord?

A

Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders

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41
Q

What vessels drain into the spinal cord?

A

Pial veins

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42
Q

What will pial veins drain into?

A

Venous vasa corona

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43
Q

What vessels from the venous vasa corona?

A

Anterior longitudinal veins, posterior longitudinal veins and communicating veins

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44
Q

Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?

A

Anterior medullary veins and posterior medullary veins

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45
Q

Which vessels will drain the ventral/anterior nerve roots?

A

Anterior radicular veins

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46
Q

Which vessels will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular veins

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47
Q

What vessel will drain the posterior/dorsal nerve root ganglion?

A

Posterior radicular veins

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48
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus,basivertebral vein

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49
Q

What luminal feature of the anterior internal vertebral venous plexus vessels may function like valves of typical veins?

A

Trabeculae

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50
Q

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

A

Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

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51
Q

What venous vessels are identified in the IVF?

A

Intervertebral veins

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52
Q

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?

A

They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

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53
Q

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis)

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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54
Q

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla medulla spinalis) and the commonly accepted meaning of each.

A

Dura mater:tough mother
Arachnoid mater: spider mother
Pia mater: tender or delicate mother

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55
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?

A

Interstitial fluid

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56
Q

What are the vascular contents of the epidural space?

A

Anterior and posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior and posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein

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57
Q

What are the neural contents of the epidural space?

A

Recurrent meninges/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral artery

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58
Q

What ligaments are associated with the epidural space?

A

Hoffman/anterior dural/meningiovertebral ligaments
Ligaments flavum
Posterior longitudinal ligament

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59
Q

Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein

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60
Q

Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve

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61
Q

Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the vertebral body?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament and Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

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62
Q

Which of the blood vessels of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus

Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

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63
Q

Which of the nerves of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral, sinus vertebral nerve

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64
Q

Which of the ligaments of the epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Ligamentum flavum and Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

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65
Q

Which meningeal space is now thought to be potential space, not an actual space?

A

Subdural space-between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

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66
Q

Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

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67
Q

Which of the contents of epidural space will be found near the lamina?

A

Posterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Ligamentum flavum
Recurrent meningeal/sinu-vertebral/sinus vertebral nerve
Hofmann/anterior dural/meningovertebral ligaments

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68
Q

What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?

A

Serous fluid

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69
Q

What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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70
Q

What ligaments may be present in the subarachnoid space?

A

Dentate/denticulate ligament

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71
Q

What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

A

Dentate (denticulate) ligament

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72
Q

What is the unique feature of the veins along the spinal canal?

A

They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

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73
Q

In the horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?

A

Transverse

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74
Q

What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?

A

C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement

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75
Q

What is the greatest transverse diameter of the cord

A

C6

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76
Q

In which plane will the diameter of the spinal decrease from C2 down to T1?

A

Mid saggy tail or anterior-posterior plane

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77
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement

A

L1-S3 spinal nerves

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78
Q

What is a generic cord level of origin-vertebral level combination for the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?

A

L1,L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra
L3,L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra
L5,S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra
S2,S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra

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79
Q

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?

A

Conus medullaris

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80
Q

What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?

A

Typically S4,S5 and Co1

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81
Q

In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?

A

L1

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82
Q

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

A

Cauda equina

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83
Q

What is the continuation of the pia mater below the conus medullaris called?

A

Film terminals internal

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84
Q

What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?

A

Typically S2, the dural cul de sac

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85
Q

Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?

A

Proximal part of the filum terminale internum

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86
Q

What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?

A

It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4.

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87
Q

What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale internum appear to innervate?

A

Lower limbs and the external anal sphincter.

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88
Q

The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?

A

Crucial anastomosis

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89
Q

What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?

A

Filum terminale externum

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90
Q

What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?

A

Coccygeal medullary vestige

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91
Q

What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?

A

Tethered cord syndrome

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92
Q

What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?

A

It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord caused by a tethered cord.

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93
Q

At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral nerve number along the cervical spine?

A

In the cervical spine, spinal nerves exit above the segment they are numbered after (C8 nerve is the exception to this rule). C3 nerve exits above C3 or between C2/C3

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94
Q

At the IVF, what is the relationship between spinal nerve number and vertebral number along the thoracic and lumbar spine and the sacrum?

A

In the thoracic and lumbar spine and for the sacrum, spinal nerves exit below the segment they are numbered after (Co1 nerve is the exception to this rule) T6 nerve exits below T6 or between T6 and T7

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95
Q

What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in the thoracic IVF?

A

The spinal nerve related to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number related to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple (ex: T3 nerve exits the IVF by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple)

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96
Q

What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?

A

The anterior tubercle

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97
Q

What is observed on the back of anterior arch of C1?

A

The fovea dentis

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98
Q

What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1

A

The lateral mass

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99
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

Tubercle for the transverse Atlantal ligament

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100
Q

What is identified in the midline at the back of the posterior arch of C1?

A

The posterior tubercle

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101
Q

What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?

A

Groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery

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102
Q

What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

The accurate rim

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103
Q

What attaches to the accurate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articulate process of the lateral mass of atlas?

A

A complete ponticulus posticus

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104
Q

Based on the amount of bony union between the superior articulate process and the accurate rim of C1 what structure will form?

A

An incomplete ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

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105
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

Accurate foramen or retroarticular canal

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106
Q

What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?

A

The inferior vertebral notch

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107
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?

A

The costal element.

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108
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?

A

The true transverse process

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109
Q

What is the most distal part of the transverse process of C1?

A

The posterior tubercle.

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110
Q

What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

The dens or odontoid process

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111
Q

What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

Facet for fovea dentis, groove for the transverse atlantal ligament, attachments sites for the alar ligaments, attachment sit for the apical-dental ligament

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112
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?

A

The long us colli muscle attachment

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113
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

The anterior lip

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114
Q

What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

The posterior lip

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115
Q

What features are present at the lateral margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

Right and left lateral grooves

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116
Q

What features arise from the posterolateral Martina of the vertebral body of C2?

A

The Pedicles

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117
Q

What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

The superior articulate process

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118
Q

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

On the lamina-pedicle junction

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119
Q

What feature is identified on the lower surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

The inferior vertebral notch or incisure

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120
Q

What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?

A

On the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch

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121
Q

What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?

A

Costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process

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122
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?

A

It is bifid

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123
Q

What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

Anterior groove, posterior groove, left and right uncinate processes

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124
Q

What are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

Uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip

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125
Q

What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves

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126
Q

What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicle?

A

The articular pillar

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127
Q

What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillars?

A

The groove/sulcus for the dorsal Ramos of a cervical spinal nerve

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128
Q

What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?

A

Ligamentum flavum

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129
Q

Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result what feature?

A

Para-articular processes

130
Q

List in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.

A

Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

131
Q

What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?

A

Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

132
Q

What is the name given to the superior margin of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?

A

The carotid tubercle

133
Q

What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

They are bifid

134
Q

What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?

A

They are non-bifid

135
Q

What surfaces are present on the superior epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body of C7?

A

Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes

136
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of C7?

A

Typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the typical cervicals

137
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?

A

Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle,true transverse process.

138
Q

What are the feature of the spinous process of C7?

A

Long, horizontal, nonbifid

139
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from the superior view?

A

Somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins

140
Q

What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

It is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margins

141
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

Typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of cervicals.

142
Q

What surfaces are present on upper and lower margins of the T1 vertebral body?

A

The right and left superior costal facet & right and left inferior costal demi-facet

143
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of T1?

A

The transverse costal facet

144
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T1?

A

The undersurface of the T1 spinous processes will be nearly horizontal

145
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

The vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

146
Q

On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body of T2-T4 group?

A

The vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides

147
Q

On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?

A

The left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex

148
Q

What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-T8?

A

Aortic impression

149
Q

What part of the vertebral body is the most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

The left side superior an inferior epiphyseal rims

150
Q

What synovial joint surfaced are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

The right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets.

151
Q

What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?

A

From T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior.

152
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?

A

The transverse costal facet.

153
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the auricular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?

A

The superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.

154
Q

How do the transverse diameter of the articular processes compare in the T5-T8 region?

A

The superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment.

155
Q

What name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics?

A

The pars interarticularis

156
Q

What part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis?

A

The transverse process

157
Q

What part of a vertebra arises medically from the pars interarticularis?

A

The lamina

158
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

They slant backward and downward

159
Q

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to 40 degrees?

A

T2-T4

160
Q

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation of up to 60 degrees?

A

T5-T8

161
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9?

A

Right and left superior costal demi-facet; right and left inferior costal demi-facets

162
Q

Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?

A

Inferior costal demi-facets

163
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of T9?

A

The transverse costal facet

164
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T9?

A

Posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal

165
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?

A

The right and left superior costal facet

166
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

Inferior costal demi-facets

167
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body of T10?

A

The pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

168
Q

What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?

A

Para-articular processes

169
Q

What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?

A

The transverse costal facet

170
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?

A

Posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal

171
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T11?

A

The right and left superior costal facet

172
Q

What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?

A

The transverse costal facet

173
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T11?

A

Posterior and horizontal along the undersurface

174
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T12 on superior view?

A

Kidney-shaped or rentiform

175
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T12?

A

The right and left superior costal facet

176
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T12?

A

Inferior demi-costal facts

177
Q

What tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?

A

The lateral tubercle

178
Q

What tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the Lumbars?

A

The inferior tubercle

179
Q

What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?

A

The transverse costal facet

180
Q

What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of a T12?

A

They are significantly convex

181
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T12?

A

Posterior and horizontal

182
Q

What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

Rentiform or kidney-shaped

183
Q

The pedicle attaches at what location on vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

To the upper third or half of the vertebral body

184
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process

A

Accessory process

185
Q

What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical lumbar vertebrae?

A

Pars interarticularis

186
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process.

A

Mammillary process

187
Q

What characteristic of L1-L4 pedicle May be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference on segment from each group.

A

On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on L1-L4 segment. At the L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region.

188
Q

What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?

A

It is directed straight and lateral and Is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes

189
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?

A

5 segments

190
Q

What forms the median sacral crest?

A

Fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

191
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

Fused articular processes and their facets

192
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

The mammillary process of S1 and the sacral Cornu of S5.

193
Q

What does the sacral Cornu represent?

A

The inferior articular process and facet of S5

194
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

The sacral hiatus

195
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?

A

The lateral sacral crest

196
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

The enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

197
Q

What feature is associated w it’s the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

The inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

198
Q

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

Transverse ridges

199
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

Auricular surface

200
Q

What feature is identified on anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1?

A

The sacral promontory

201
Q

What is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from the S1 vertebral body looking from the base view?

A

Sacral ala

202
Q

What forms the sacral ala?

A

The costal element and true transverse process

203
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

204
Q

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

A

All segments are represented by a vertebral body, in addition Co1 has a coccygeal Cornu and transverse process

205
Q

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

A

Coccygeal Cornu

206
Q

What feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni?

A

Jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

207
Q

What is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni?

A

Clavicular notch

208
Q

What names are given tot he articular sites fro the joint with the first and second rib?

A

Costal notch I for the first rib costal cartilage;

Costal notch II for the second rib costal cartilage

209
Q

How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?

A

4 sternabrae

210
Q

What surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the old synchondroses?

A

Transverse lines

211
Q

What articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?

A

Costal notches II-VII

212
Q

What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?

A

The head, neck and tubercle

213
Q

What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of a typical rib based on location?

A

Superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet

214
Q

What feature of the head of a rib separated the superior from inferior articular surface/facet?

A

The interarticular crest

215
Q

What features may be identified on the neck of a typical rib?

A

The crest of the rib

216
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib?

A

The articular surface of the tubercle

217
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?

A

The non-articular surface of the tubercle

218
Q

What features may be identified on the body of a typical rib?

A

The costal angle and costal groove

219
Q

What is present on the head of the first rib?

A

A single articular surface

220
Q

Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?

A

Not a well-developed one like a typical rib

221
Q

What is unique about the body(corpus or shaft) of the first rib?

A

The body of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein

222
Q

Which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?

A

The groove for the subclavian artery and first thoracic nerve

223
Q

Which groove on the body of the first rib is close to the eternal end?

A

The groove for the subclavian vein

224
Q

Is neither the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib?

A

Neither the costal angle nor the costal groove are apparent on the first rib

225
Q

What features may be identified on the head of rib 2?

A

Two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest

226
Q

What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of rib 2 based on location?

A

Superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet

227
Q

What feature may be identified on the neck of rib 2?

A

The crest of the rib

228
Q

What features may be identified on the tubercle of rib 2?

A

The articular surface of the tubercle on the non-articular surface of the tubercle

229
Q

What is the costal angle of a rib?

A

The location on the over (corpus or shaft) of the rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum

230
Q

What unique feature is present on the body of the second rib?

A

The tuberosity for the serratus anterior

231
Q

What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from what typical ribs?

A

The single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface.

232
Q

What features may be present on the body of the eleventh rib?

A

The costal angle and costal groove are under-developed

233
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?

A

It is somewhat pointed

234
Q

What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from other ribs?

A

The head has a singular articular surface,the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent

235
Q

What is the condition of the body of rib 12?

A

The costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all ribs

236
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?

A

The sternal end is pointed

237
Q

What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from the typical ribs?

A

The single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface

238
Q

What features may be present on the body(corpus) of the eleventh rib?

A

The costal angle angle and costal groove are under-developed

239
Q

Wha is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?

A

It is somewhat pointed

240
Q

What helps distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from the other ribs?

A

The head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent

241
Q

What is the condition of the body (corpus) of rub 12?

A

The costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all the ribs.

242
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?

A

The sternal end is pointed

243
Q

What term is used to identify the study of joints?

A

Arthrology

244
Q

What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?

A

Syndesmology

245
Q

What are the three histological classifications of joints?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid

246
Q

What were the three Latin classifications of joints based on movement potential?

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis

247
Q

What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?

A

Synchondrosis

248
Q

What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?

A

Symphysis

249
Q

What is the classification of a plane or gliding synovial joint?

A

Arthrodia

250
Q

What is the classification of a hinge type synovial joint?

A

Ginglymous

251
Q

What is the classification of a pivot type synovial joint?

A

Trochoid

252
Q

What is the classification of a knuckle type synovial joint?

A

Condylar or bicondylar

253
Q

What is the classification of a oval-like synovial joint?

A

Sellar

254
Q

What is the classification of a ball and socket synovial joint?

A

Cotyloid, spheroidal or enarthrosis

255
Q

What term is now used to identify the synarthrosis joint type?

A

Fibrous joints

256
Q

What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?

A

Synostosis

257
Q

What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?

A

A ligament

258
Q

What is the synonym for amphiarthrosis joints?

A

Cartilage joint

259
Q

What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?

A

They are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template

260
Q

Which classification of cartilage joint is secondary, permanent, composed of fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) and occurs between bones formed by enodchondral ossification?

A

(Amphiarthrosis) symphysis

261
Q

What are the four consistent feature of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?

A

Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid

262
Q

What examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthroidal) joints occur along the vertebral column?

A

Most zygapophyses of the vertebral column

263
Q

What is an example of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints along the vertebral column?

A

Median atlanto-axial joint

264
Q

What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?

A

An osseous pivot point and an osteopath-ligamentous ring

265
Q

What example of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint is identified along the spine?

A

The joint of Luschka of typical cervicals is a modified sellar joint

266
Q

What example of the diarthrosis condylar joint is identified along the spine?

A

The atlanto-occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis condylar joint

267
Q

Which joint classification exhibits a knuckle-shaped surface on one side of the joint and an elliptical, concave surface of the other side?

A

Diarthrosis ellipsoidal

268
Q

What example of the diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint is identified along the spine?

A

The atlanto-occipital joint may be classified as a diarthrosis ellipsoidal joint

269
Q

Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?

A

Ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints

270
Q

Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?

A

The two-toed sloth, manatee, ant bear and three- toed sloth

271
Q

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Ant bear, three-toed sloth

272
Q

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

A

Two-toed sloth and manatee

273
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?

A

Seven segments

274
Q

Which vertebrae are the “typical cervicals”?

A

C3-C6

275
Q

Which vertebrae are the atypical cerivals?

A

C1, C2, C7

276
Q

What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

Rectangular

277
Q

What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?

A

It diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body

278
Q

What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?

A

Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters

279
Q

What would be the direction of the cervical curvature based on osseous features?

A

Posterior or kyphotic

280
Q

What accounts for the Direction of the typical cervical curve?

A

The intervertebral disc height

281
Q

What is the direction of a typical cervical curve?

A

Anterior or lordotic

282
Q

Which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in the intervertebral disc height?

A

C2/C3 down to C4/C5

283
Q

At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve gain increase intervertebral disc height?

A

C5/C6

284
Q

What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes

285
Q

At which developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?

A

3rd-4th fetal month

286
Q

What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

287
Q

What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior longitudinal ligament-posterior groove articulation?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

288
Q

What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?

A

Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

289
Q

What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?

A

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

290
Q

How many joints are present in the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?

A

Five

291
Q

How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?

A

Five

292
Q

How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?

A

Ten

293
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?

A

Right and left uncinate process, right and left lateral groove

294
Q

What is the. Name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?

A

Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint

295
Q

The joint of Luschka is formed from what surface?

A

The uncinate process and lateral groove

296
Q

How many totally synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of typical cervical?

A

Four

297
Q

What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?

A

It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion-extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine.

298
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint are preset on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?

A

Two

299
Q

What muscle attached to the typical cervical vertebral body?

A

The longus colli muscle

300
Q

What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?

A

Posterolateral, 45 degrees

301
Q

In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?

A

Neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height

302
Q

What spinal nerve will be accommodated on the superior vertebral notch of C5?

A

C5 spinal nerve

303
Q

Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the inferior vertebral notch of C5?

A

C6 spinal nerve

304
Q

What is the direction of the projection of the cervical lamina?

A

Posteromedially

305
Q

What ligament attached to the lamina of a typical cervical?

A

Ligamentum flavum

306
Q

What joint will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?

A

Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

307
Q

Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?

A

Para-articular processes

308
Q

Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?

A

Accessory bone

309
Q

Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?

A

Hetertopic bone

310
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

Heart-shaped or triangular

311
Q

Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical?

A

Transverse

312
Q

The greatest transverse diameter of a typical cervical vertebra occurs at?

A

C6

313
Q

The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?

A

C5/C6

314
Q

What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

Anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii

315
Q

What muscles may attach t the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii

316
Q

What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?

A

Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii

317
Q

What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?

A

Cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses

318
Q

What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?

A

60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degree inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)

319
Q

What is the name of the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?

A

The carotid tubercle

320
Q

What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?

A

The common carotid artery

321
Q

What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?

A

The vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and post ganglion is sympathetic motor nerve fibers

322
Q

What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of a typical cervical vertebra?

A

The articular pillar

Spinal (Arteries Forward) Exam 1 (1 decks)

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