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Cardiovascular > arterial blood pressure > Flashcards

arterial blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What reflex controls short term mean arterial blood pressure?

A

The baroreceptor relfex

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2
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

It is the outwards, hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on the blood vessel walls.

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3
Q

What blood pressure do we measure in clinical practise?

A

Systemic arterial blood pressure

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4
Q

What is laminar flow and can it be heard?

A

Non-turbulent flow that travels in layers. It is not audible through a stethoscope.

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5
Q

What is the term used to describe how blood flows through arteries in normal fashion?

A

Laminar flow

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6
Q

What would be heard if external pressure was applied to an artery exceeding the systolic blood pressure and why?

A

No sound would be heard as the blood supply would be blocked

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7
Q

Why do you hear a sound when decreasing the pressure of a blood pressure cuff?

A

When the cuff pressure is between systolic and diastolic blood pressure the blood flow becomes turbulent when the blood pressure exceeds the cuff pressure. This turbulent flow can be heard through a stethoscope.

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8
Q

What is the first sound when taking a blood pressure?

A

The heart at peak systolic pressure (the highest pressure to overcome the external pressure from the cuff).

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9
Q

At what point is diastolic pressure recorded?

A

The fifth Korotkoff sound - the point at which sound disappears.

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10
Q

In relation to blood pressure, what drives the blood around the systemic circulation?

A

There is a pressure gradient between the aorta and the right atrium.

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11
Q

What is the formula for the pressure gradient?

A

Pressure gradient = mean arterial pressure (MAP) - central venous (right atrial) pressure (CVP)

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12
Q

What is mean arterial blood pressure?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart.

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13
Q

What 2 formula can be used to estimate mean arterial blood pressure?

A

MAP = ((2x diastolic pressure) + systolic pressure) / 3
OR
MAP = diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 pulse

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14
Q

What is normal arterial blood pressure?

A

<90 diastolic

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15
Q

What is the normal range of mean arterial blood pressure?

A

70 - 105 mmHg

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16
Q

What MAP is needed to perfuse the coronary arteries, brain and kidneys?

A

At least 60 mmHg

17
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure must be regulated within a narrow range to ensure…

A

Pressure is high enough to perfuse internal organs but not too high that it will cause damage to the blood vessels or place extra strain on the heart.

18
Q

What is the relationship between MAP, CO and total peripheral resistance (TPR)

A

MAP = CO x TPR

19
Q

What is TPR?

A

Total peripheral resistance is the sum of resistance of all peripheral vasculature in the systemic circulation.

20
Q

What type of vessel has the most resistance?

A

Arterioles

21
Q

Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic system have greater influence of MAP and why?

A

The sympathetic system as it affects heart rate, the arterioles and veins whereas the parasympathetic system can only affect heart rate.

22
Q

What type of response is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

Negative feedback

23
Q

How do baroreceptors detect the blood pressure?

A

They are stretch receptors - the higher the blood pressure the higher the stretch and the more firing of signals.

24
Q

What causes postural hypotension?

A

Failure of the Baroreceptor responses to gravitational shifts in blood, when moving from horizontal to vertical position.

25
Q

How is blood pressure regulated in the long term?

A

Controlled by controlling the extracellular fluid volume

26
Q

External fluid is divided into 2 compartments. What are the names of the two volumes?

A 
Plasma volume (PV) and interstitial fluid volume (IFV)
ECFV = PV + IFV
27
Q

If plasma volume falls what happens to the interstitial fluid volume?

A

Compensatory mechanisms shift the interstitial fluid from the interstitial compartment to the plasma compartment.

28
Q

What are the two main factors that affect extracellular fluid volume?

A

Water excess or deficit.

Na+ excess or deficit.

29
Q

How is extracelluilar fluid volume regulated?

A

Hormones act as effectors, regulating the water and salt balance in our bodies

30
Q

Give hormones that regulate extracellular fluid volume

A 
The Rennin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)
Atrial Natiuretic Peptide (ANP)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
31
Q

What are the three components of RAAS?

A

Rennin
Angiotensin
Aldosterone

32
Q

What are the affects of angiotension II?

A
  1. Causes systemic vasocontriction
  2. Stimulated increased ADH release
  3. Makes the person feel more thirsty
  4. Stimulates the release of aldosterone
33
Q

What is the rate limiting step for RAAS?

A

Rennin secretion

34
Q

What triggers the release of peptide hormones in the Atrial Natiuretic Peptide system?

A

Atrial distension

hypervolaemic states

35
Q

What is the effect of the peptide hormones?

A

They cause excretion of salt and water in the kidneys = reducing blood volume and blood pressure.
Vasodilator - decreases blood pressure
Decreases Rennin release

36
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone?

A

Peptide hormone derived from a prehormone precursor synthesised by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

37
Q

Where does the ANP system get its name?

A

The peptides are synthesised and stored by atrial myocytes

38
Q

What two changes stimulate the secretion of ADH?

A

Reduced extracellular fluid volume

Increased extracellular fluid osmolarity

39
Q

What is the effect of ADH?

A

Acts in the kidney tubules to increase the reabsoption of water (conserve water, urine becomes more concentrated)
Causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Cardiovascular (17 decks)

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