Art History Midterm 2 Flashcards
Abolition
Images used to make the case against slavery
- Shift public opinion by showing what’s going on
Abolition was achieved
Fueled wealth of European nations – producers, movers, & consumers of goods
Creates markets for objects and goods previously unknown to European culture
Connect abolition of slavery and the era of modernist painting
Académie des Beaux-Arts (Royal Academy)/
Academic art/Academic tradition
Official training for artists
- Model for many art academies
- Notion of formal training in arts in one specific direction
Aesthetics
Set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty
Allegory/allegorical
Subject or elements of an artwork symbolizes deeper meaning
The Americas
Home of the First Nations/Native Americans + colonized and oppressed by European powers; centre for Galleon trade
Artistic license
Deviation from fact or form for artistic purposes
Atlantic rim
Between Europe and Americas - Becoming richest and most dynamic area during the global convergence
Aztec/Mexica
The indigenous people of Mexico
French Barbizon School
Part of realism movement - French painters of nature
Baudelaire (Charles) - poet, critic
Criticized photography “would-be painter”
Berlin Blue/Prussian Blue
A synthetic dye invented in Germany in the early 18th century and imported to Japan by Dutch traders or via China
British Empire
England – a small island nation that comes to rule over the most impressive empire of all time – one quarter of the world’s land mass and population
Calotype
Early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide
Camera Obscura
Latin for “dark chamber”
Original knowledge of camera
cellulose acetate/nitrate
(Sicoid)
Old plastic would yellow, crack, highly flammable – cellulose acetate drastic improvement
Earliest – cellulose nitrate
Centre/periphery
- A dominant nation or kingdom with a shared language and religion (centre) that conquers and then exploits weaker territories on the periphery of the empire (periphery)
chocolatero
Bottle vessel
The Civil War
War in the US due to differing ideals between the north and the south (slaves)
colonial/colonizing/colonization
Types of settlements & goals = differing relationships with indigenous populations
Small colonies situated on rivers
Columbian Exchange
- Exchange of food, animals, plants to and from Americas – changed world’s diet globally
Canadian Confederation
Canada becomes a nation - 1867
daguerreotype/Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre
Reduced exposure time, but only produce one image
Democratic/democracy
A part of Modernity: Political revolutions and new ideologies = democratic (democratic revolution)
- Fights for rights and individual liberties around the Atlantic seaboard
- A new kind of political community (the nation-state)
- Nationalism (sense of hierarchy, one nation state is more important than others)
Dutch East/West India Company
East: Asia
West: Americas
Hudson seeking NW passage – employed by EAST India company
Effigy mound
Effigy mound – shape or an animal
Serpent mound – Largest Effigy mound
“en plein air”
“at the moment”
ephemera
Record of a moment that has passed
Exotic/exoticizing
Talking about colonizing and exoticizing visions
First Nations (Canada)/Native American (US)
Indigenous people of North America
Free trade
Imposed by force
- People wanted a piece of Japanese economy and culture
- In 1853 Commodore Perry of the US Navy sailed into Tokyo Bay uninvited and demanded that the Japanese begin to trade with the US
Connection – Prussian blue
Imported by the Dutch before Japan opened their borders
Packing paper – throwaway prints from Japan
Artists from Europe receive prints from Japan
George Catlin (American artist)
Artist Paul Kane looked at
Gorget
Neck ornaments
Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann
1853 and 1870
Urban renewal program of new roads/boulevards (tasked by Napoleon III)
hierarchy of genres (subject matter, e.g.: history painting)
- History Painting – highbrow subjects taken from the classical tradition, the bible or allegories
- Portraiture – focusing on capturing likeness, this genre was prestigious and lucrative, but less so than history painting
- Genre Painting – scenes of everyday life, this genre included the human figure but ostensibly did not represent grand ideas (although many genre paintings had moralizing undertones)
- Landscapes
- Still Life Painting
high art/low art
Photography as “high” art
Completed after a court decision in 1862 that permitted photographs to be considered works of art
history painting
highbrow subjects taken from the classical tradition, the bible or allegories
imperial/imperializing/imperialism
A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means
indigenous/settler
Native people vs. foreigners
Industry/industrialization
Art and Industry
- Industrialization and Invention
- The Rise of Photography
- Photography Goes Global
- The Image and Mechanical Reproduction
Industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840
Jamestown
Virginia Colony - John Smith Leader
Japonisme
A French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design in western Europe in the nineteenth century following the forced reopening of trade of Japan in 1858
Mound effigy
Effigy mound – shape or an animal
Serpent mound – Largest Effigy mound
Lithography
A printing process that uses a flat stone or metal plate on which the image areas are worked using a greasy substance so that the ink will adhere to them by, while the non-image areas are made ink-repellent
“Long Nineteenth Century”
A period of major technological innovation
Scientific advances in chemistry and optics chemistry
“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration” – Edison
Manila Galleon Trade
For 250 years Galleon trade bridges east and west (early form of globalization)
Manila – largest trade hub in the Orient
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade
modernism/modernity
- Political revolutions and new ideologies = democratic (democratic revolution)
- The industrial revolution
- The age of European dominance
Morning star (and evening star)
(Gorget significance)
Morningstar (and evening star)
- Severed head – Underworld finds fathers head to bring it up
- Ornament – spear thrower
- Eye pattern – Faces of certain hawks
- Mace – Half read (Morningstar) half white (female deity, evening star)
Nadar
Photographer, journalist, bohemian
Nadar bought himself a big balloon to photograph Paris
Naked vs nude (Kenneth Clark’s description)
To be naked – deprived of clothes (embarrassment)
To be nude – no uncomfortable overtone (balanced, prosperous, confident body)
- Classical
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon I, successful during the French Revolution
Napoleon III
Transforms medieval Paris to urban centre
nation-state/nationalism
A new kind of political community (the nation-state)
Nationalism (sense of hierarchy, one nation state is more important than others)
New Amsterdam/New Netherland (capital)
New York used to be New Netherland, and used to be New Amsterdam (capital)
Northwest Passage
The Northwest Passage is the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Old world/New world
Indigenous people vs modern world
the “Other”
Racial “other”
“painter of modern life”
Manet
personification
“Noble savage” – The Indian as a personification of America
The city of Paris
Cultural centre
Printmaking
The birth of modern printmaking and the explosion of nightlife culture (posters)
Plains of Abraham/Seven Years’ War
The fate of New France was decided on September 13, 1759, in Québec City, on the Plains of Abraham. This famous battle pitted French troops against English, with their respective Generals Louis‑Joseph de Montcalm and James Wolfe leading the charge.
Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe)
Engraving of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe – dressed in English costume, with white lace cuffs and high collar, a pearl earring, and holding a white and gold ostrich feather fan. To make Pocahontas’ English transformation complete, her skin, hair, and eye colour have been significantly lightened
Powhatan (& John Smith)
John Smith – Captured by Powhatan (chief of maybe 30 tribes)
- He gets away although he was supposed to be killed
- Saved by Pocahontas
Realism/Pavilion of Realism
Realism rejects romanticism – away from dramatic lighting, away from allegory, etc.
Exploration of French realism: working man as subject
Pavilion of Realism – Alternative venue to show alternative art: hugely influential
French Revolution
1789
July Revolution
1830
June Days Uprising - 1848
An uprising staged by French workers from 22 to 26 June 1848 because little had changed since the French Revolution of 1789 (liberty)
Paris Commune - 1871
The Paris Commune was a revolutionary socialist government that controlled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871
Romanticism/Romantic movement
Powerful drama of human emotion: anger and passion, but also quiet passages of pleasure and joy
- Remind of Baroque history (light/dark) revival of Baroque
- Energetic, active paint
Idealism - illusion of reality
Salon de Paris
Neo-Classicism
A particularly pure form of classicism that emerged from about 1750
The Birth of Venus
Angels
Reminiscent of roman sculptures
Ideals of academic art: careful modelling, silky brushwork, and mythological subject
Antonio Canova’s Paolina Borghese as Venus Victorious is inspiration
Salon des Refusés
“Exhibition of Rejected or Refused Artworks”
The Palais de l’Industrie, Paris 1863
To show paintings rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon, the official showcase of French art, or academic art
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
Unification of world zones
Slavery common in wartime – subjugation of conquered peoples
Not great source of labour – Europeans didn’t want to move
- Some indentured servants
- Slavery supposedly solved the problem
Starting with prisoners of war, but devolved into kidnapping (rank, society played no part, aristocrats were captured and sold)
ukiyo-e (images of the floating world)
- Flat areas of colour
- Closely related photography (cropping etc.)
Woodlands (Mississippian culture)
What might be buried in a burial mound? – Gorget
Shell found by the Gulf of Mexico
Whelk shell
world zones
Unify during slave trade
