Art final Flashcards
Modern art in Europe and the Americas was from
1886-1945
Post Impressionism Lasted from
1890s-1905
The two goups of post impressionists where
1) Proto-Expressionists: Those who studied the formal elements to convey their emotions, not worried about the reality use of color more about expressing emotions and feelingds: Toulouse and Van Gogh
2) Those studying formal elements analytically. Looking at the natural world and subject matter but focused on how color and the perception of color on the eye, not emotions. How does color build form. Cezanne and Serratt
Cezanne
Mont Sainte-Victoire
1904
Edvard Munch
The Scream 1893
Although grounded in the real world the scream departs significantly from visual reality.Munch used color, line and figural distortion to evoke a strong emotional response from the viewer. His goal was to describe the conditions of modern psychic life. Spirit of symbolism his highly emotionally charged paintings were a inspiration to the german expressionists. This painting exemplifies his style. The scream evokes a visceral emotional response from the viewer
From 1919-1939 the key themes were
Artist no longer tried to represent the natural world or how their eye saw it
2) Artist experiment with visual elements to find an art form that can reinvigorate society.They are utopian thinkers and believe that art can change the worl
3) art responds to new urban realities, urban decay and WWI and WWII
Avant-Garde
new unusual or experimental ideas, particularly in art
fin-de-siecle
of relating to or the characteristics of the end of the 19th century, particularly as it relates to arts and literature a climate of sophistication, world wieriness and fashionable dispair
nonobjective painting
Is another way to refer to abstract painting. The painting does not depict a person place or thing in the natural world. the content of the work is color, brushstroke, process, size or scale
readymade
Ordinary objects that are selected and modified by the artist. By selecting the objects, repositioning them and possibly signing them they became art. The most extreme form of minimalism up to that point. An ordinary object elevated to the status of art work simply by the choice. Marcel Duchamp was the founder
The styles that occured between 1913 and 1930 include
Cubism
German Expressionism
Futurism
Dada
Suprematism
Neue Sachlichkeit
Surreilism
Constructivism
Matisse
Woman with a hat
1905, Fauvism
Features splotches of seemingly arbitrary color. represents the Fauvist sytle of using color not to imitate nature but to produce a reaction from the viewer. He was the dominant figure of the fauve group and believed that color could play a primary role in conveying meaning . The arbitrary colors startle the viewer, the way the colors are jsuxtaposed creates contrastsrejected imitative color and color became the formal element most responsible for pictoral coherence and the primary conveyor of meaning
Improvisation 28 1912
German expresionism
Vassily Kandinsky
part of the blue rider group of german expresionism. paintings captured feelings in visual form and illisicted intese viceral rxn. One of the first painters to explore abstraction. He was trained as a musician and believed that color like music should be able to move the human soul. Did not totally disolve all of the forms
Picasso 1907
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
We see the influence of primative art. This is a pivitol work of art that opened the door to a new method of represting forms in space. The figures are intwined with the bodies by using jagged lines. The womens heads on the left were influeneced by iberian sculpture and those on the right african (different tone). The figures are broken into ambiguous planes suggesting multiple points of view. Gone is the traditional concept of an orderly and constructed pictoral space immitating the natural world. Dynamic interplay of time and space. I paint forms as i think them not see them
Malevich
Suprematist composition: Airplane Flying
1915
Developed an abstract style to convey his belief that the supreme reality in the world is pure feelings which attaches to no object. Thus nonobjective forms in art-shapes not relatee to onjects in the visible world. His form was Suprematisim- the supremacy of pure feeling in creating art.visual phenonmenon are nothing, it is the feeling that is significant. as in this painting his forms were squares, lines and rectangles which he believed could be universally understood. Wanted to convey that the supreme reality in the world is pure feeling
Marcel Duchamp
Dada/readymade 1950
Fountain
Mass produced common onjects, the creation of readymades was free from any consideration of either good or bas taste. He did not select the urinal for its aesthetic qualities the art was the artists choice of the object which forced the viewer to see the object in a new light. A very agressive challenge to artistic conventions.
Realism lasted from
1820s-1890s
Daugerotype
The first form of photography to become widespread in use. . The image is on a bright, mirror like surface of metalic silver covered plate.
Calotype
A method of creating a negative print. It is an early photographic process using paper. Up until this time the paper in a camera had to be exposed in the camera until the image had fully formed, typically a lengthy process of an hour or more. The calotype allowed for a latent image to be captured in the camera and then developed out - once the image was removed from the camera
Wet Plate Technology
Barbizon School
a group of french painters in rural areas who painted forests, landscape scenes. Parallell to the Hudson river school, part of the realism movement
Positivism
Fact based society. A philospohy that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of the sensory experience is the authoritative source of all knowledge. Similar to the impressionist physcology using rational and scientific observation to determine certain laws in nature. Long term study leads to tangible reliabel evidence. Comte philosophies
Realism was a movement that
developed in France around midcentury agaisnt the backdrop of an increasing emphasis on science. Realist artists argued that only the contemporary world- what people can see- is real. Focused their artwork on the people and events of their own time. The realists broke from the salon and believed painting should show the truth of life
Key Themes of realism
Salon became the official art exhibition sponsored by the French authorities where art work was judged
Birth and growth of the industrial revolution. New social classes form, The communist manifesto was written
Spread of new technologies in photography and architecture, iron and steel developed
The two revolutions of 19th century were
1) The invention of photography by Daugerr and Fox 1839: Democracy of ideas
2) The writting of the communist manifesto: History is the history of class struggle
Daumier, Rue Transnoniann 1834
Lithograph Realism.
One of the earliest masters of lithographs he used this invention to reach a wide audience for his social criticism and political protest. This print records the horrific 1834 massacre in a workers housing block. A french soilder was killed in an apartment building so the french army kills everyone in the bnuilding. Depicted not the dramatic moment of execution but the terrible quite aftermath. The prints power lies in its factualness, rough and spontaneous approach, characteristic of realist art
Daguerre, The Artists Studio 1837 Photography, Daugerrotype from the . One of the first successful prints that Daugerre produced after perfecting his technique. The three dimensional forms are captured and there is a wide range of tonal values as well as sharp edges. He modeled this after the Dutch vanitas still lifes, he arranged the objects to reveal their form and texture. His choice of objects sculptural and architectural fragments suggest even art will not endure forever
France in the 19th century -
Was in flux, revolution was the norm. Rapid turn over of power people began to doubt those in control
Courbet, The Stone Breakers 1849
The salon rejects this painting but Courbet sets up his own tent and calls his shows realism which is to paint the unvarnished truth. This work champions Courbet’s beliefe that the only valid subject is everyday life. Here he presents a glimps into the everyday rural menial labor. By depicting a youth and elder he is also commenting on the social structure saying that those born into poverty will live in it and that even though feudalism has dissolved you cant really escape. Also raises the question of what is reality is it truth to nature or truth to social realities. The work is not romanticized nor idealized
Manet 1863 Luncheon on the Grass
Important for realism but also played a role in development of impressionism. He continues in the spirit of Courbet to irritate the salon. This painting has a lack of narrative, nude women are neither a venus or nymph just an everyday woman and everyday men. He sets oput to defy the things that the academy would have taught such as having ambiguity in subject matter, the presence of these nude women painted in a very normal fashion, the unusual use of light that creates strong contrast between light and dark. highlighting the fact that form is asubject of paint and light- acknowlding the flatness of the painting surface
Olympia, Manet 1863
manet’s most scandelous painting. Here he depicts a prostitute (Olympia was a common prostitutes name) she meets the viewers eye with cool indifference. Shamelessness and defiance. He is mocking the viewers of Titan for thinking that it said something and calling out the voyerism of the salon and that it was all about men looking at naked women. In addition to the subject matter his technique/style departed from the accepted in that he used rough brushstrokes and changes in tonality.
Claude Monet
Saint-Lazare Train Station
1877
Impressionists interest in optical realism, how we see how the eye preceives the world. The eye is constantly scanning, moving, fascination with speed. Here he depicts a dominant aspect of the contemporary urban scene. Agitated paint contribution contributes to the sense of energy and conveys the atmosphere of urban life. Recently the train system had expanded and leasure time had become important. Shows how the impressionists where interested on using short brushstrokes that the eye fuses from a distance. Unintelligable close up
Degas, The Rehersal
See the influence of photography in degas’ work. Notice the cropping of the work and the subject matter that is of a fleeting moment in time
Whistler
Nocturne in black and gold
Believed that painting should be more like music, to be enjoyed for what it is not a construction of color harmony but to be taken at its surface for what it is. Color that you either enjoy or do not enjoy. Exemplifies the art for arts sake movement. He was not interested in recreating the world but instead of creating a certain sensation for the viewer.The technique he used was a splatter technique (that he perfected) but that was harshly criticized by a particular critic. He eventually drew a lawsuite against this critic who basically brought him to bankruptcy
Salon de la princesse, 1732 Boffrand
A typical french rococo room these parisian salons were the center of Rococo social life. They surpassed Louis XIV palace of 17th century.Characteristic style of Rococ shows how the strong architectural lines used in versailles have been softened to create a more senuous look. The look suggests freely growing nature and suggests a feminine look. Sinuous lines, walls melt into the vault lots of gold. Often these rooms where designed by women who took on a more dominant role in the social interactions of the salons as they hosted these gatherings
Saying Grace, Chardin
1740
Rousseaus views were largely responsible for the turning away of rococo and for a taste of the natural. This painting reflects Rousseaus phil of returing to a simplier way of life. Praises the simple goodness of ordinary people who lived far away from the corupt society. The simplicity of how he painted this reinforces the message and the charm of the painting. The subdued color choice was intentional. The painting had wide spread appeal.
Oath of Horatio, David 1785
Neoclssicism
This painting is in alignement with the enlightment belief that art should have a moral. The heroic/noble deads of the past could inspire virtue todya. In the neoclassical approach David chose to depict a story from pre-reublican rome. This is a paragon of the neoclassical style. Subject matter deals with patriotism and sacrifice but also uses formal devices to present the image with clarity and force. Shallow space (stage-like) framed by architectural elements, figures are statuesq and close to the foreground. The men hace virtues of courage, patriotism, loalty and women emotions. These are inlign with enlightenment values. This painting becomes a symbol for patriotism and a symbol for the French Revolution
Third of May, Goya
1808
Romanticism
Much of Goya’s work deals with contemporary events such as this which depicts the French slauter of Spanish citizens after an attack on French soilders the day before. Goya encouraged empathy for the spanish by portraying horrified expressions on their faces and peasent about to be shot has arms raised like Christ. Enhances the emotional drama of the piece by using stark darks and lights and by extending the timeframe depicted
Raft of the Medussa, Gericault
1819
Romanticism
Abandoned the idealism of neoclassical and embraced the theatricality of Romanticism. Subject matter is the shipwreck of the french ship the medusa. The ship captained by a political appointee and the survivors dwindeled to 15. This story became political dynaminte. He captures the horror of the tradgedy while keeping the grandeur of neoclassical history painting- he ensured the accuracy of the people he was representing. The subdued pallet and prominant shadows lend an omnous pall to the scene. Departs from the classical organization of pictures and has the bodies writing and entangled. He also uses diagonal lines to draw the viewer into the picture plane and make it appear as if some corpses are sliding off the image into the viewer. This work is also a comment on the practice of slavery, places the black sailor (true survivor) at the head of the raft
Wanderer above a Sea of Mist, Friedrich
1818, Romanticism
Perfectly expresses the romantic notion of the sublime in nature. The painting projects an ora of mystry. The man is dressed in clothing from a time past and the viewers perspective is hovering in space behind the man. Debate as to if he wanted the viewer to identify with the man or to contemplate the landscape with the man. The painting communicates a religous awe at the beauty and vastness of the natural world.
The trechary of images
Magritte, 1929
The discrepancy between image and caption challenges the assumptions underlying the reading of visual art. Wrecks havock on the viewers reliance of the conscious and rational. What does the mind decide to believe makes ones sens of the rational more precarious
Bird in Space,
Brancusi 1924
Sought to move beyond surface apperances to capture the essence or spirit of the object. The curved form references the cycle of life. The sculpture is abstracted but still retains the suggestion of a bird about to soar free into the heavens. Shows an interest in how the work is displayed - base
Number 1, Lavendar mist
Pollock, 1950
Represent abstract expressionism, focus on the creative process and how the art work was made. The mark of the individual art about the artist his inner emotions and feelings. Action painting. Also some reflection to surrelism as his relience on the subconsous. Drips splatters etc. result is a canvas that is very democratic in nature, becomes a poster child for the governements portrayal of democracy in face of the cold war. Also enters the fashion world. Also he rejects the idea of applying paint to a stretched canvas
Donald Judd
Untilted 1970
Minamalist
Embraced a spare, universal aerthetic corresponding to the core tenents of the movement. Not interested in representation nor deception. just a representation of the actual object not intended to be metaphorical nor symbolic, no narrative, no texture on the surface, no sign of the artiist hand-factory made. Followed the philosophy that it is the body that experiences 3d space and defines how we see things. no narrative to distract you. also about the process, at this point in time things are made in production lines/mimics this
Hamilton
What is it that makes homes these days so different so appealing?
1956, collage Popart
England struggling after WWII while the US prospers, we produce all kinds of stuff and there is the birth of the american dream. It is all over advertisemetns. Faacinated with american wealth, humans are getting off on objects, sexuality is fueld by it. The fantasy interior reflects the values of modern consumer culture. Toys with mass media imagery
Oldenburg, Lipstick on Catepillar Tracks
PopArt 1970
Was to be a speakers platform for protestors
Humor combined with comercialism and military imagery also phalic in nature. Mocks art mocking american consumerism and perhaps how the media defines and shapes our lives and desires
Judy Chicago
The Dinner Party 1980
First phase of feminism highlighting the skills/crafts that women have been good at in the past. All things associated with what women have been good at in the past
Cindy Sherman
Untilted Film Still 1980
Second phase of feminism where women begin to question the idea of gender and how it is constructed by culture. What were the roles of women in these old films, feme fatale needy woman. to make us consous of gender performance. Do we really know what it means to be feminine or are we playing a role we are taught?
Krueger
Your Gaze hits the side of my face 1981
Exploring the male gaze and challenging the ideas of culturally constructed genders. Photo of a marble statue draws on the classical conditions but the text makes you aware of how the image has been framed to be viewed in a particular way. Male active gaze on a passive female form
Whose Afraid of Aunt Jemmima
1980
Ronngold
Craft, quilt present a tribute to her mother, that also addresses african american society and the struggles of women. The mammy is a business woman uses black dielect, quilt reinforces the underground railroad and quilting tradition as an art form ( this appreciation for new mediums was pushed by feminist movement in the 60s)
Napoleon Leading the army over the alps, Wiley
2005
Reworks of famous paintings in which he substitutes tin a african american man in contemporary dress to situate them in a field of power. Refashioning history to expose how art history is really about the white man
Jeff Koons
Pink Panther 1988
Sheer banality of the kitch objects themselves hace a melodramatic quality, chessy in nature. Reproducing pop factory made. May highilight everything he sees as wrong with contemporary culture appealing to the bad taste of american society
The homeless projection 1986
Wodiczko
Focuses on the universal concerns of his art
oudoor slides projects on other objects. Here it is images of homeless on the civil war soilders and sailors memorial
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
Surrounded islands 1983
Site specific and environmental
Raise the $ by selling sketches etc ftakes 3-5 years, brings attention to these sites environmentally. They like the process, art as a social activity involving politicians, lawyers, everyday people. Also anticapitalist, use the capitalists means but dont deliver on the project
Mapplethorppe, Self Portrain 1980
Sensored
Marginal
