Art Flashcards
ELEMENTS OF ART
COLOR LINE SHAPE SPACE VALUE TEXTURE FORM
There are two kinds of texture
Real and Implied: Texture can be real on a three-dimensional piece of work/ Texture can be impled on two-dimensional work.
There are two categories of shapes
Geometric and Organic
Space can refer to the three kinds of ground…… what three?
Foreground, Middleground, Background
What is positive and negative space?
Positive space is the suject of the artwork.
Negative space is the area that surrounds it
Value is the what?
Contrast?
Lightness OR Darkness of a color
Contrast- difference in value or difference in the lightness and darkness
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNS
RHYTHM UNITY PATTERN BALANCE CONTRAST MOVEMENT EMPHASIS
Two types of Balanace (Principle of Design)
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Examples of contrast?
warm and cool colors
organic and geometric shapes
An example of movement in art?
repetition of shapes moves viewers eyes through the work
The Elements of Art are …….
the building blocks of visual art
The Principles of Deisgn are …….
ways to organize the elements of art
Three dimensional artwork: Form is considered what three measurements?
Explain form when viewing: two different ways
Length x Width x Height
Viewing from all sides: Three dimensional work “In the round”
Viewed from one side: considered “relief work”
Examples of elements of art and principles of design in nature:
Textures: bark, sand, petals
Color and value: in landscapes
Depth Space and Form: plants trees rocks
Contrast: flower colors/ contrast aganist dark colors create focal point
Repetition: plants and trees creates: Rhythm
Implied lines: edges of objects in nature
Lines: veins of leaf
Repetition: of greens throughout spring scene, reds and oranges in fall can create Unity
Composition is:
How the artwork is organized
Principles of Design help the artist decide:
Can use the Principles of Design to:
how to arrange the elements of art in their artwork
decide what will stand out in their artwork and where to lead the viewers eye
Drawing is a medium that was first used on cave walls as early as:
Then by egyptians starting at:
10,000 B.C.
3,000 B.C.
Middle ages used drawing to:
prepare for paintings
Reinaissance and drawing:
Used to study and record:
Used what utensils:
Art students were first taught to draw before painting and sculpting.
Used to study nature and record anatomy
Pen and ink & black and red charcoal
Rembrandt in the 1600s used pen lines to
to create expressive drawings
In the 1800s what was first manufactured to then become widely used drawing tool?
Pencils
Color has three characteristics:
Hue (red, yellow, green)
Intensity (how bring or dull color is)
Value (how light or dark a color is)
Primary colors:
Secondary colors:
Tertirary colors:
Red Yellow Blue
Orange Violet Green
Tertiary colors are those in between the primary and secondary colors, such as…..
Blue-Green
Red-Orange
Historic Drawing Media: Charcoal
slowly burned wood
Charcoal was used for cave drawings, when burnt sticks were rubbed on cave walls.
Historic Drawing Media: Red chalk
made from iron oxide pigment and refined clay
Popular 16th & 17th centuries
Leo da Vinci used it for many sketches
Historic Drawing Media: Black chalk
is carbonaceous shale, softer than red chalk
Popular in 15th century Italy for underdrawing for ink or metalpoint artwork
Albrecht Durer & Anthony van Dyck used: Black chalk for portraits
Historic Drawing Media: White chalk
is calcium carbonate or soapstone
used for highlights on drawings
Conte crayons
early 1800s
Red Black White
Harder than chalk and produce smoother lines
Graphite
1500s
form of carbon- cut into strips and encased in wood for pencils
Ink
liquid pigment that can be used with a pen or a brush
writing
Pens- first made with bird feathers (quills) reeds
Pencils
made from graphite encased in wood.
They vary in a range of hardness, 10H to 10B
10 H: pencil has the hardest lead stay the sharpest and leave lightest mark on paper.
10 B: pencil has the softest lead, will wear down quickly, leave darkest mark on paper.
Charcoal
lightweight carbon that canbe found in stick form or pencil form.
Compressed charcoal: hard charcoal stick
Vine: thin, delicate stick
B (soft) range
Tortillon
Piece of paper wrapped up tightly, ending in a point, that can be used to blend pencil and charcoal drawings.
Maulstick: stick with padded head used to rest and support your hand.
Erasers
Kneaded rubber: eraser is one that can be manipulatedand kneeded, can be manipulated and rolled into smaller sizes.
Pink: firm, leaves crumbs
Gum: yellowish and crumb quickly
Large brush: used to brush the eraser bits off of the paper
Dry cleaning pad: fabric bag filled with pieces of eraser that can be used to clean up fingerprints, smudges, and dust from paper.
Drawing surfaces- Parchment
Middle Ages
Made from animal skin
A.D. 105 China
wasnt really used until 1800s- when it was inexpensive & produced more quickly
Drawing surface- Paper comes in what two surfaces
=Hot-pressed- paper will be smooth
=Cold-pressed- will have texture
=Sketch is thinner than drawing
=Newsprint is the kind of thin paper that newspaper is printed on
=Illustration board is thicker cardboard (comes in hot-press or cold-press white surface)
=Bristol board is thicker than drawing paper (comes in hot or cold- pressed)
Smooth surface allows for
Rough surface is better suited for
greator detail and better control of pencil marks
looser drawing and sketching or for a drawing with a rough surface
Acid free paper should be used for
Sketch paper & newsprint can be used for
finished drawings
preliminary sketches
Contour drawing seeks to define the
=outline of an object, and it can contain as much or as little detail as the artist desires.
=Can be used to quickly capture a subject or scene
=Only trying to get the outline and outer egdes of subject- does NOT include shading or other values
Blind contour drawing is used by an artist to practice
sketching and perception
=artist will just look at the subject and sketch without looking at the paper
=typically reserved as a drawing excercise to help strengthen the artists hand-eye coordination
Gesture drawing is a technique used to
quickly capture the action and form of a model or subject.
=30 to 60 seconds
=loose lines, simplify and capture essence of the subject
Perspective drawing is a drawing technique that shows
spatial relationships and the illusion of space on a flat surface
=artist can portray a 3 dimensional scene on a 2 dimensional drawing
One point perspective
shows the objects in the scene receding to one point in the horizon, as shown in the image
Two point perspective
has the scene receding into two points on the horizon
Vanishing points
points along the horizon where the objects disappear to in the distance are called
Hatching
is a technique thats uses closely placed parallel lines to create shading and tones
Crosshatching
is when hatching is used perpendicular to itself, creating heavier shades and tones.
Shading
=Adds depth and form to an artwork
=an object with accurate shading can appear three- dimensional
=Area closest to the light source- will have a highlight
=Farther away from the light source it will be gradually shaded darker
Critiquing Drawings
Describe
=Describe visual facts: what do you see? What kinds of shapes, lines, or textures do you see?
Critique drawings:
Analyze
=Analyze- Recognize the elements of art and how they are arranged (principles of design)
=do you see shapes arranged in a pattern?
=where is the emphasis?
how are the lines used, and where do they lead your eye?
Critique drawings:
Intrepret
= use what you have learned so far to decide what the artist is trying to say.
= What is the mood of the artwork?
= What does the subject matter tell you?
= Why do you think the artist decided to portray it in the way?
Critique drawings:
Judgement
= Did the artist successfully use the principles of design to organize the elements of art?
= does the artist successfully convey the feelings, mood, and ideas they were aiming for? Do you see ways the artwork can be improved?
Oil Painting was developed as a
fine art painting medium in the 15th century in northern Europe
Jan van Eyck- first to use oil paint on wood panels
= end of 15th century: begin painting on canvas instead of wood
= layer of animal glue/ lead white paint first
Oil paint is made from a pigment
Masters painters apprentices were in charge of
suspended in drying oil.
mixing and prepping oil paints
Watercolor has been used for cave paintings and manuscript illustrations, but it was first widely used as a:
Albrecht Durer was one of the
fine art medium during the renaissance.
earliest watercolor painters, as seen in the Hare (1502)
Renaissance artists used watercolors for
botanical illustrations
Watercolor are created by adding …. to a gum arabi binder
pigment
found in a dry cake form, which needs to be wet with water, or in a tube
Watercolor brushes are generally …… and made with natural (sable, squirrel) or synthetic hairs, and they have a shorter handle than oil and acrylic brushes.
soft
Watercolors are transparent meaning they can be….
Most common surface for watercolor painting is paper, which comes in …….. and ……… finishes.
layered upon each other and the color underneath and white paper will show through.
hot-press (smooth) and cold-press (rough)
Egg Tempera was a popular painting medium until after 1500, when oil painting became widely used instead.
Traditional egg tempera paint is created by adding ……
pigment to egg yolk, which is used as a water-soluble binder.
White wine, vineager, or water can be added in various proportions to keep the dried paint from cracking.
When the yolk is exposed to air, it begins to dry, so the artist continually adds water to keep the consistency correct for painting.
Egg tempera paint dries ………., so it is applied in thin, transparent layers and usually with short brushstrokes.
In the 20th century, some artists began using tempra again, such as Andrew Wyeth, Thomas Hart Benton, and Jacob Lawrence.
very quickly
Egg tempera is painted onto stiff surfaces such as…….
wood panels of Masonite because a flexible surface will allow it to crack and flake off the support.
Gouache is an opaque medium with characteritics similar to watercolor.
Traditionally created with gum arabic binder, but is also has a filler added to make the paint opaque
Dried gouache can be….
Dries as a …… finish
used on illustration board and …… paper
rewet and reworked.
matte
watercolor
Gouache is now manufactured as watercolor type and newer …… type
The arylic gouache is water….. once its dry, it can not be rewet.
It differs from acrylic paint in that it dries to a ………. and can worked with for slightly longer.
acrylic
resistant
matte finish
Painting tools:
Paintbrushes
used for ……. and acrylics, generally have a longer handle than do watercolor brushes.
oils
Watercolor brushes have soft or synthetic hairs, whereas acrylic and oil brushes have ……. natural or synthetic hairs including …. brushes.
stiffer
hog
Drying oils such as ….. or ……. oil
Can be added to oil paints to ……. drying times and thin in consistency
There are many types of media for acrylic paints that will decrease the drying time or change the texture to …… or ……….
linseed
poppy
decrease
thicker to thinner
Primer is a ……
commonly used with acrylic and …… painting
A commonly used primer is called g……, which is essentially a water-based white paint mixture used to prepare the support
base for painting
oil
gesso
For watercolors, a …………. ……….. will cover areas of the paper that are needed to stay white for highlights.
After the water color painting is finished, the masking fluid can be removed, revealing the white paper.
masking fluid
……… can be a basic piece of wood or Masonite, or it can be more structured with divots for each color.
A palette is used to organize and mix colors for painting.
Palette
Oil paint will stay workable to allow for more time to work: 4 to 8 hours.
Acrylic paint can dry in less than an hour
A finished oil painting can take up to 6 months or more before it is considered dry.
Watercolors can be rewet and washed out of the brush at any time, and oil paints can be soaked and removed with paint …….
thinners
…… can be used as a base for oil paintings, but it cannot be painted on top of oils
when painting with oils, it is important to remember the rule “fat over lean” this mean the artist should build increasingly flexible layers on top of each-other.
The flexibility is made is accomplished by adding an ……… medium to the paint and using less ……….
acrylic
oil
solvent
……. has been used for many centuries. It is rigid and minimizes any flexing or cracking of the paint.
It should be primed before painting on it to seal the surface and to also make it smoother.
For the smoothest surface, layers of …….. can be applied, let dry, and sanded between applications.
wood
gesso
Paper is used for watercolor or acrylic
but oil from the oil paints will break paper down so it is not well suited for …. painting
Canvas has been the most popular surface for oil paints since the 17th century.
It is also used for …. to.
oil
acrylics
…… are now used, which are made from canvas stretched over rigid cardboard and preprimed.
canvas boards
Paper for watercolors, acrylics, and gouache is usually think to accommodate the amount of paint and water used.
Watercolor paper needs to be stretched so that it does not …….. after use. Some come with glue around the edges to prevent the warping, it will need to be taped to a surface on four sides, then wet and let dry to prepare the paper.
warp
….. is a technique used for oil and acrylic painting to create a base for a finished painting.
Underpainting can lay out the highlights and shadows for the finished artwork.
Underpainting can be used to layer and build up rich color- can establish tones throughout the art.
The underpainting for……can be done in acrylic so it will dry quickly or with thinned oil paint.
underpainting
oil
A…………underpainting is done with one color of paint, just to establish the layout and tone before beginning the painting.
tonal
……… is a technique used with oil paints to layer transparent colors over a dried opaque color.
Each layer is allowed to dry before another transparent layer is painted on to.
The artist needs to know the qualities of the paint and whether to add a medium to increase the transparency.
glazing
…… brush is a technique used with water-based and oil-based paints.
For …… and …… color painting the brush is loaded with paint after the water is is squeezed or blotted from the brush.
Dry brushing can be used to add …….. to painting including fur or grass, or it can be used for emphasis and contrast to a smoother area.
Drybrush
Acrylic and Watercolor
texture
…….. is a technique of scratching through a layer of paint to reveal the layer or surface underneath.
It can be accomplished with a palette knife, the handle end of a paintbrush, or even a stick.
It can be done with one layer of paint, revealing the canvas.
Sgraffito
…………… is a watercolor technique where artist paints onto already wet paper. This causes the colors to blend and bleed into on another.
It takes experience to master the technique.
wet- on -wet
A ………is a technique of adding a large area of color to a watercolor painting
A ……… wash is a large area of one color
A ………. wash goes from one color gradually to white or another color.
wash
flat
graded
…………. is a painting technique that entails painting outdoors - 1840- paint in tubes.
CLAUDE MONET OFTEN painted en plein air., using natural light to capture scenes at specific times of the day.
Plein air
……. is a painting technique that entails painting wet oil paint onto wet oil layers that have not been allowed to dry.
An alla prima painting can be completed in one sitting, unlike an oil painting with multiple layers of glazing, which requires time to dry between layers.
Alla prima
Trompe l’ oeil is a painting technique that mean to “……………………………..” in french
Meant to depict objects in a realistic way to produce the optical illusion that the objects exist in three dimensions.
deceive the eye
Used first in baroque period, but the actual technique was used earlier in the Greek and Roman murals.
Trompe l’ oeil - during renaissance, frescoed ceiling paintings were created that used foreshortening and realistic depictions to create the illusion fo more space above the viewer. This was called ……… which mean from below, upward in Italian.
Di Sotto in Su
