Art Flashcards
This field of study centers on the
social, cultural, and economic
backgrounds of a work of art.
art history
This historical discipline is closely
linked with anthropology, history,
and sociology.
art history
This philosophical field centers on
the expression of beauty.
aesthetics
Art criticism uses this tool to explain
current art events to the public.
press
These five artistic elements make up
“fine art”.
paintings, prints, drawings,
sculpture, and architecture
Artists produced this category of art
for a specific audience that viewed
objects such as paintings and prints
as works of art.
fine art
These three artistic elements make
up “craft” art.
textiles, pottery, and body art
Tattoos are an example of this type
of art.
body art
This method of art analysis centers
on the visual aspects of the artwork.
formal analysis
Formal analysis requires excellency
in these two skills.
observation and description
This method of art analysis
examines the context of an artwork
for understanding.
contextual analysis
Art historians using this method
would analyze matters such as the
physical location and cost of an
artwork.
contextual analysis
Art historians emphasize this type of
development when analyzing a work
of art.
chronological
This method of art study compares
two artworks to understand stylistic
differences between them.
comparative
This method of examination is highly
preferred by historians when first
analyzing an artwork.
direct examination
Art historians cannot accurately
examine the scale and three-
dimensional properties of this artistic
style in reproductions.
sculpture
Art historians will consult these two
draft materials to further their
analysis.
sketches and preparatory
models
Art historians use this method of
study for cultures that have a more
oral history.
interviews
Art historians can study masquerade
traditions in this location.
West Africa
Art history as an academic discipline
emerged in this century.
mid-eighteenth
This ancient Roman historian
analyzed historical art in his work
Natural History.
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder created this text that
examined historical and
contemporary art.
Natural History
This Renaissance artist compiled
biographies of Italian artists in The
Lives of the Artist.
Giorgio Vasari
This German scholar focused on
stylistic development and historical
context.
Johann Joachim
Winckelmann
Feminist historians claim that
traditional art history focused on this
demographic.
white men
Art history has included these three
ideologies in recent years.
Marxism, feminism, and
psychoanalytic methods
Art historians consider these three
materials to be enduring.
stone, metal, and fired clay
Art historians consider these two
materials to be perishable.
wood and fibers
This coastal North African country
has the ideal conditions for art
preservation.
Egypt
Egypt’s climate has these conditions
which make it favorable for art
preservation.
hot and dry
The humid climate of this region of
Africa makes art preservation very
difficult.
West Africa
Art in the sites of these two regions
of the Americas is largely
unexplored.
Central and South America
Cave paintings in this cave are
considered the one of the oldest
works of art.
Chauvet Cave
Chauvet Cave paintings date from
this period.
Old Stone Age
These two materials were used to
depict animals in the Chauvet Cave.
ochre and charcoal
Art in the Lascaux and Altamira
caves depicts these five animals.
horses, bears, lions, bison,
and mammoths
Female figures in the Old Stone Age
tended to have exaggerated
characteristics in these three areas.
bellies, breasts, and pubic
This Old Stone Age statue
exemplifies the stone female figure
of the era.
Venus (or Woman) of
Willendorf
The Venus of Willendorf is this
height.
four and one-eighth inches
Cave dwellers tended to relocate
from their caves in this stone age.
Middle Stone Age
This subject of rock shelter paintings
differentiates them from cave
paintings.
humans
Art historians date formations of
rings of rough-hewn stones to as
early as this time.
4000 BCE
Megaliths could measure up to this
height.
seventeen feet
Megaliths could weigh up to this
amount.
fifty tons
Art historians coined this word to
describe “great stones”.
megaliths
This location features one of the
most well-known megalith
arrangements.
Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire,
England
This form of sandstone is used to
create the rings of Stonehenge.
sarsen
The heel-stone of Stonehenge is in
this direction.
northeast
Many surviving artifacts have come
from these three structures.
burial chambers, caves, and
tombs
Mesopotamian civilizations arose
between these two rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates
Sumerian life revolved around this
cultural feature.
religion
This term refers to the stepped
pyramids of Sumerian.
ziggurats
This ruler conquered the cities of
Sumer around 2334 BCE.
Sargon of Akkad
Rather than centering around a king,
Akkadian culture was based on this
entity.
city-state
The Guti ruled over Mesopotamia for
this number of years.
fifty
Ziggurats primarily served as these
institutions.
temples
This ruler led the city-state of
Babylonia around 1800 BCE.
Hammurabi
This Babylonian law is the oldest
legal code in human history.
Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is
preserved in this museum.
Louvre Museum
Hammurabi claimed inspiration from
this god when creating the Code of
Hammurabi.
Shamash
The Assyrians dominated this
geographical area during the rise of
Sumerian, Akkadian, and
Babylonian civilizations.
North Mesopotamia
Assyrian artwork mostly took the
form of this artistic style.
relief carvings
The ziggurat of the temple of Bel is
known by this name.
Ishtar Gate
The Persian Empire ruled in this
present-day country.
Iran
The palace at Persepolis includes
these three materials.
stone, brick, and wood
This civilization created the portrait
head of Queen Nefertiti.
Ancient Egyptian
This art style bases the relative sizes
of objects based on status.
hierarchical scale
This Egyptian relic demonstrates
hierarchical scale.
Palette of King Narmer
King Narmer holds this part of a
fallen enemy in the Palette of King
Narmer.
hair
This art style represents figures so
that each body part is clearly visible.
fractional representation
This Egyptian king’s tomb remained
intact until 1922.
Tutankhamun
These two types of materials
decorated King Tutankhamun’s
tomb.
blue glass and semiprecious
stones
The kingdom of Nubia is in this
direction in relation to Egypt.
south
These three major cultures thrived
on the Aegean Island.
Cycladic, Minoan, and
Mycenaean
The art of this culture featured
simplified, geometric nude female
figures.
Cycladic
This culture replaced the Cycladic
culture on the island of Crete.
Minoan
The Minoans were primarily known
for this artistic style.
naturalistic pictorial
These three qualities characterized
Minoan palaces.
light, flexible, and organic
This ancient Greek culture was
skilled in creating elaborate tombs
and relief sculptures.
Mycenaean
Greeks in the Archaic Period created
sculptures using these two
materials.
marble and limestone
This style of Greek vase featured
figures set against a floral
background.
Corinthian
Early Classic Period sculpture is
significant for these three
characteristics.
solemnity, strength, and
simplicity
This Greek term means “counter
positioning”.
contrapposto
This Greek pose features a standing
figure with its weight shifted to one
leg.
contrapposto
This Middle Classical structure was
restored in 447 BCE.
Parthenon
This Greek period mixed Greek
styles with those of Asia Minor.
Hellenistic
These two freestanding sculptures
exemplified the Hellenistic Period.
Venus de Milo and Laocoon
Group
This civilization’s art mixes Greek
and Roman styles.
Etruscan
In Etruscan ceramic models, temple
roofs have these two characteristics.
tiled and gabled
Many Etruscan paintings depict
figures doing these two activities.
playing music and dancing
The Romans were one of the first
civilizations to make advances in
these two civic design areas.
architecture and engineering
Roman discovery of this material
greatly advanced the field of
architecture.
concrete
The Romans used this architectural
form to build bridges and aqueducts.
curved arch
The Colosseum and the Pantheon
are engineering marvels of this
civilization.
Roman
Roman relief sculptures frequently
portrayed these two subjects.
emperors and military
victories
This style often characterized
Roman funerary sculptures.
idealistic
Byzantium is best known for this
type of art.
mosaic
Art historians are particularly
interested in studying the mosaics of
this Italian city.
Ravenna
This piece of Byzantine architecture
is considered one of the great
architectural works in history.
Hagia Sophia
This group preserved most of the art
of the medieval period.
Church
In the medieval era, only these two
social classes had formal education.
noble and clergy
The Book of Kells and the
Coronation Gospels are examples of
this type of medieval art.
illuminated manuscripts
Nomadic Germans of the early
medieval period were known for this
art form.
metalwork
Medieval German metalwork was
most notable for these three
characteristics.
abstract, decorative, and
geometric
This medium was central to Viking
art.
wood
This term refers to the combination
of Viking, Anglo-Saxon England and
Celtic Ireland artistic styles.
Hiberno-Saxon
This architectural style refers to the
use of Roman arches in medieval
churches.
Romanesque
The church of Saint-Sernin is in this
French city.
Toulouse
This arch-shaped architectural
structure is used as a ceiling or
support for a roof.
vault
This type of vault is a tunnel of
arches in Romanesque churches.
barrel
This European art style was popular
from the twelfth century to the
sixteenth century.
Gothic
This architectural feature provided
an upward sense to Gothic interiors.
pointed arches
This type of vault is a framework of
thin stone ribs or arches.
ribbed
Gothic architects developed this
technique to counteract the
downward and outward pressures of
the barrel vault arches.
flying buttresses
This French Gothic cathedral
exemplifies the flying buttress.
Chartres Cathedral
This artist mastered the transition
between the Gothic and
Renaissance styles.
Giotto di Bondone
Giotto di Bondone used this type of
perspective in his works.
simple
Giotto di Bondone specialized in this
art form.
frescoes
This Renaissance development led
to accumulation of fortunes by
wealthy families.
paper money
This often-condescending term
referred to painters and sculptors
prior to the Renaissance.
artisans
In 1401, this artist won the city of
Florence’s competition to design the
doors for the new baptistery.
Lorenzo Ghiberti
Lorenzo Ghiberti depicted this
biblical event in his door panel
design.
sacrifice of Isaac
Michelangelo referred to Ghiberti’s
second set of doors by this name.
Gates of Paradise
This artist first developed linear
perspective.
Filippo Brunelleschi
The painter Masaccio used these
two perspectives in his frescoes.
linear and aerial
This Renaissance artist is
considered the founder of modern
sculpture.
Donatello
Donatello is best known for this
bronze statue.
David
This painting is Botticelli’s best-
known work.
The Birth of Venus
These two Renaissance artists are
considered models for the
“Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo
These two Leonardo di Vinci
paintings are considered icons of
modern culture.
The Last Supper and the
Mona Lisa
Leonardo di Vinci pioneered this
painting technique.
sfumato
“Sfumato” stems from this root word.
fumo
Michelangelo created this marble
sculpture as part of a contest in
Florence.
David
Michelangelo’s David was sculpted
out of this material.
marble
This Pope asked Michelangelo to
design his tomb in 1505.
Julius II
Michelangelo sculpted these three
statues for the Pope.
Moses, The Dying Slave,
and The Bound Slave
This papal action was one of the
biggest disappointments of
Michelangelo’s career.
cancellation of the
commission to design the
Pope’s tomb
Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to
decorate the ceiling of this chapel.
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo spent this number of
years to decorate the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
four
four
The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
covers this number of square yards.
seven hundred
This artist was considered Raphael
Sanzio’s older rival.
Michelangelo
Raphael painted this fresco as
tribute to the great Greek
philosophers and scientists.
School of Athens
The Sistine Madonna depicts this
biblical character.
Virgin Mary
This Giorgione painting featured the
landscape as the subject of the
painting.
The Tempest
This artist is considered to have
been the greatest colorist of the
Renaissance.
Titian Vecelli
These two objects are examples of
Titian’s the backdrop elements.
column and curtain
Tintoretto is often associated with
this artistic style.
Mannerism
This artistic technique refers to
dramatic contrasts between light and
dark.
chiaroscuro
This sixteenth-century religious
event greatly influenced art of the
time.
Reformation
Dominikos Theotokopoulos is
commonly known by this nickname.
El Greco
El Greco moved from Italy to this
location in 1576.
Toledo, Spain
The detail of Northern Renaissance
artists could be described with this
adjective.
realistic
The realistic detail of northern
European artists was mainly due to
the use of this new medium.
oil paints
These two figures are considered
the greatest artists of the Northern
Renaissance.
Matthias Grünewald and
Albrecht Dürer
This number of Grünewald’s works
still exist today.
ten
Grünewald depicted this biblical
event in the Isenheim Altarpiece.
Christ’s crucifixion
The Isenheim Altarpiece consisted
of this number of panels.
nine
Albrecht Dürer created this woodcut
in 1498.
The Four Horsemen of the
Apocalypse
This artist is one of the greatest
Renaissance portraitists.
Hans Holbein the Younger
Holbein was a court painter to this
English king.
Henry VIII
This artistic period included artwork
from the late sixteenth century
through the mid-eighteenth century.
Baroque
The ruling class in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries believed their power to be this type of right.
divine
This Austrian ruler dominated the
lives of her subjects during the
Baroque era.
Maria Theresa
This Enlightenment thinker
documented the social inequality of
the Baroque era.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The name of this art period alludes
to the rich colors and great
ornamentation of the art of the
period.
baroque
Baroque painters used this
technique to make subjects appear
to be in the spotlight.
chiaroscuro
This Baroque painter was widely
known for his dramatic contrasts of
light and dark.
Caravaggio
Caravaggio was from this country.
Italy
This term often refers to
Caravaggio’s extreme contrasts of
dark and light.
caravaggesque
Caravaggio often depicted these two
biblical figures.
Virgin Mary and apostles
This female artist was one of the
most prominent Baroque artists.
Artemisia Gentileschi
Artemisia Gentileschi often painted
these two subjects.
herself and Old Testament
women
The Pope recognized this Baroque
artist at the age of seventeen.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
This artwork is considered Bernini’s
most important masterpiece.
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa stands
in the altar of this chapel.
Cornaro Chapel
Peter Paul Rubens established a
huge workshop in this location.
Flanders
This 1642 portrait is considered
Rembrandt van Rijn’s best-known
work.
The Night Watch
This ruler built the grand palace at
Versailles in 1669.
Louis XIV
This system refers to Louis XIV’s
method of selecting artists to
support.
Salon
This court painter served the
Spanish court of King Philip IV.
Diego Velázquez
This subsequent artistic style is
considered an extension of the
Baroque period.
Rococo
Rococo works emphasized these
ideas.
gaiety, romance, and frivolity
Jean-Antoine Watteau is considered
the creator of this genre of painting.
fête galante
Madame Pompadour favored this
Rococo painter.
François Boucher
This artist studied with Boucher and
found favor with Madame
Pompadour.
Jean Honoré Fragonard
This 1789 revolution emphasized
democratic ideals that the artwork of
the time reflected.
French Revolution
This artistic style represented a
revival in classical Greek and
Roman art.
Neoclassicism
Jacques-Louis David painted this
work that demonstrated republic
values.
Oath of the Horatii
This artist painted Oath of the Horatii
in 1784.
Jacques-Louis David
David became a dedicated painter to
this leader.
Napoleon Bonaparte
This pupil of Jacques-Louis David
was also a prominent Neoclassical
artist.
Jean-Dominique Ingres
Jean-Dominique Ingres
demonstrated these four
Neoclassical characteristics.
sharp outlines, unemotional
figures, geometric
composition, and rational
order
This artistic style shared
characteristics with the emotional
Baroque style but with a differing
subject matter.
Romanticism
This Romantic artist was considered
Ingres’s rival.
Eugène Delacroix
Romantic artists valued this idea
over reason.
feeling
These two artists also exemplified
the Romantic style.
Théodore Gericault and
William Blake
This artistic style was considered a
reaction to Neoclassicism and
Romanticism.
Realism
This Realist artist showed a painting
of ordinary workmen repairing a road
at the Salon.
Gustave Courbet
Gustave Courbet created this
conventional painting beginning in
1849.
The Stonebreakers
The Stonebreakers alluded to the
series of revolutions in Europe that
began in this year.
1848
These two artists frequently used the
Realist style.
Honoré Daumier and Jean
François Millet
This artistic style developed from
dissatisfaction with the rules of the
Salon.
Impressionism
This artist is considered to be the
first Impressionist.
Édouard Manet
Manet included this painting in the
Salon des Refusés in 1863.
Luncheon on the Grass
The woman in the Luncheon on the
Grass is in this state of dress.
nude
This 1872 Monet work gave
Impressionism its name.
Impression, Sunrise
Impressionist artists captured this
type of stroke to capture quickly
changing light.
rapid
Paul Cézanne attempted to redefine
art in terms of this artistic element.
form
This artistic element unified most
Post-Impressionists.
color
This artist emphasized the scientific
rules regarding colors.
Georges Seurat
Vincent van Gogh focused on
capturing the light in this region of
France.
southern France
Van Gogh believed that artist’s
colors should portray this feature of
life.
inner human emotion
Paul Gauguin spent time in this
profession before pursuing art.
stockbroker
Gauguin traveled to this location in
pursuit of more intense colors and
an “unschooled” style.
Tahiti
Edgar Degas utilized this type of
perspective in his work.
Japanese-like
This group of artists mixed
Romantic, archaic, and moralistic
elements to create a unique style.
Pre-Raphaelites
This artistic style featured leaves
and flowers with flowing and curvy
lines.
Art Nouveau
Post-Impressionists that emphasized
arbitrary color were given this name.
fauves
These two artists collaborated to
pioneer Cubism.
Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque
Cubists drew inspiration from the art
of this continent.
Africa
Die Brücke consisted of these two
artists.
Ernst Ludwig and Emil Nolde
This artistic style refers to when the
inner functions of the mind can be
seen in a work of art.
Expressionism
Piet Mondrian utilizes this type of
canvas consisting of primary color.
De Stijl
The Barnes Foundation arranged
this major display of modern art in
1913.
Armory Show
This Marcel Duchamp artwork
appeared at the Armory Show.
Nude Descending a
Staircase
These two adjectives describe the
figures in Brancusi’s The Kiss.
abstracted and block-like
This New York City neighborhood
became a hub for African-American
innovation during the 1920s.
Harlem
This post-World War I movement
arose from disillusionment with the
war.
Dada
Duchamp’s LHOOQ in 1919 was a
reproduction of this famous artwork.
Mona Lisa
This category of art created by
Duchamp refers to ordinary objects
with new contexts.
ready-mades
The theories of this psychologist
influenced Surrealists.
Sigmund Freud
This school of design developed in
Germany between the First and
Second World Wars
Bauhaus
This graphic artist and designer of
the Bauhaus faculty travelled to the
United States to teach.
Josef Albers
Government-sponsored art during
World War II mainly served for this
purpose.
propaganda
This 1940s style of art emphasized
direct feelings, dramatic colors, and
sweeping brushstrokes.
Abstract Expressionism
These types of Abstract
Expressionist paintings consisted of
broad areas of color and simple
geometric forms.
Color Field paintings
These two artists are well-known for
their color field paintings.
Mark Rothko and Josef
Albers
Jasper John’s work often included
these four common elements.
flags, numbers, maps, and
letters
This twentieth-century artist created
sculptures from objects around him
and coined them “combines”.
Robert Rauschenberg
Rauschenberg created this work in
1959 featuring many “found” items.
Monogram
This style of art included images of
mass culture in the 1960s.
Pop Art
This pop artist recreated comic book
imagery on a large-scale using
patterns of dots.
Roy Lichtenstein
This artistic style focused on simple
form and monochromatic colors.
Minimalism
Dan Flavin used this medium in his
minimalist works.
neon tubing
This version of realism emphasizes
a sharp focus on the subject.
Photorealism
This artist famously worked with
Christo to create environmental art.
Jeanne-Claude
Christo built a cloth fence in
California that was this number of
miles long.
twenty-four
This performance art group utilizes
guerrilla-warfare tactics to fight
against the art world they see as
dominated by white men.
Guerrilla Girls
The Guerrilla Girls wear these types
of masks to conceal their identities.
gorilla
Architect Philip Johnson is a
proponent of this art style.
Postmodernism
Philip Johnson was at one time
considered one of the leading
modern architects of this style.
International Style
Philip Johnson added a finial for
decoration to this building.
the AT&T building (1984),
now 550 Madison Avenue
This Bauhaus idea dominated
architecture before Philip Johnson
and the International Style.
form follows function
The remains of painted wares from
China date back to approximately
this date.
the fourth millennium BCE
This person was the first to unite the
Chinese kingdom.
the Emperor of Qin
The sculptures the Emperor of Qin
had created of his soldiers were
made of this material.
clay
The sculptures the Emperor of Qin
had created of his soldiers were
made of this material.
clay
The dynasties succeeding Qin were
known for these types of artworks.
bronze statues and
ceremonial vessels
This dynasty is often referred to as
the Chinese Golden Age.
Tang Dynasty
Art historians still do not understand
this aspect of the intricately
designed vessels from ancient
China.
the methods of casting
Traditional Chinese art placed a high
value on this type of drawing.
ink drawings
After the communist revolution in
China, art was primarily used for this
purpose.
political propaganda
India has more than this number of
spoken languages and dialects.
1,600
This ancient civilization influenced
images of Buddha in India.
Greece
Indian art shows influence from
these two religions.
Buddhism and Hinduism
Images from India show this god
dancing with multiple arms.
Shiva
This major religion influenced the art
of both Japan and China.
Buddhism
During the Impressionist movement,
Japan sent a group of artists to this
country.
France
The Japanese artists that returned
from France introduced these three
artistic techniques to Japan.
linear perspective and the
colors and subjects of
Impressionism
Japan is best known in the Western
world for this type of art.
printmaking
Artists from this country imitated
Japanese prints in the late
nineteenth century.
France
This part of Africa is incorporated
into the history of Western art.
northern Africa
Some of the oldest examples of
African art are cave paintings from
this country.
Namibia
The Nok civilization had an influence
on later groups such as this one,
most numerous in Nigeria.
Yoruba
This cultural group created the Benin
Kingdom.
the Edo people
The Benin king has this title.
the oba
The Benin Kingdom made this type
of art for ancestral altars.
bronze portrait heads
During this year, the British
destroyed or confiscated many
artworks from the Benin Kingdom.
1897
Many artworks from Africa are made
from these two perishable materials.
fiber and wood
Western colonists used to see
African artworks as symbols of this
religious idea and destroyed them as
a result.
paganism
The functionality of African art
challenges this Western art idea.
art for art’s sake
African cultural groups such as
these two are well-known for their
masks.
the Dan and the Bwa
Oceania is the name for the
thousands of islands that make up
these three areas.
Polynesia, Melanesia, and
Micronesia
In Polynesia, tattoos and other body
arts express this idea.
social stature
This type of art preserved
Polynesian body art before the
invention of photography.
engraving
Melanesian cultures used these
types of artworks to summon the
spirits of ancestors and honor the
dead.
masks
Pacific islanders, such as those from
this New Zealand group, are reviving
old traditions in a new context.
the Maori
Practitioners of Islam follow the
teachings of this prophet.
Muhammad
This building is one of the oldest
examples of Islamic architecture.
the Dome of the Rock
Some of the most valued art objects
in Islam are beautiful copies of this
book.
the Koran
Jews, Muslims, and Christians
believe this city in Israel is sacred.
Jerusalem
Great civilizations in the Americas
include these five nations.
Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Aztec,
and Inca
This pyramid, located in Mexico, is
one of the best known in the
Americas.
the Pyramid of the Sun
There is now evidence of people
living in present-day Canada and the
United States dating back to this
number of years.
12,000
The Native Americans of the
Southwest built this kind of building
that often contained over one
hundred rooms.
pueblo complexes
These are the six basic elements of
art.
line, shape, form, space,
color, and texture
This element of art is defined as the
path of a point moving through
space.
line
A line consisting of a series of
interrupted dots or lines is called this
type of line.
implied line
Using these two types of lines
creates a stable and static feeling.
horizontal and vertical
An artist can create a sense of
activity with these types of lines.
curving and jagged lines
This element of art is the two-
dimensional area of an object.
shape
This element of art is three-
dimensional objects.
form
This type of shape/form can be
defined mathematically and is
precise and regular.
geometric
This type of shape/form is irregular
and freeform.
organic
This term refers to the area that the
shapes and forms in an artwork
occupy.
positive space
High and bas are the two types of
this form of sculpture.
relief
This type of sculpture is made fully
in the round.
freestanding
This element of art is the illusion of
depth.
perspective
This technique makes objects that
are farther away appear lighter and
more neutral in color.
aerial/atmospheric
perspective
Artists invented mathematical
techniques to create the illusion of
space during this time period.
Renaissance
This technique is founded on the
visual phenomenon that lines appear
to converge into a point on the
horizon.
linear perspective
This term is defined as the name of
a color.
hue
Red, blue, and yellow make up this
group of colors.
primary
Mixing two primary colors creates
this group of colors.
secondary
Combining a primary and an
adjacent secondary color creates
this group of colors.
tertiary
This physicist developed the
underlying concepts of the color
wheel.
Sir Isaac Newton
This term refers to the lightness or
darkness of a color or of gray.
value
Black and white are not hues and
are instead referred to by this term.
neutrals
This term refers to the brightness or
purity of a color.
intensity
This type of color is the most intense
or pure.
primary
Adding equal parts of two
complements creates a dull tone of
this color.
brown
Scientists discovered the relativity of
color in this century.
nineteenth
Red, orange, and yellow are
considered this type of color in
Western art because they are
associated with heat.
warm
This type of color is the “true” color
of an object without the effects of
distance or reflections.
local
This type of color refers to the effect
of lighting on the color of objects.
optical
Artists use this type of color for its
emotional or aesthetic impact.
arbitrary
This element of art refers to how
things feel, or how we think they
would feel, when touched.
texture
Two-dimensional artworks use this
type of texture, which gives an
illusion of a textured surface.
visual
This art term refers to the artist’s
organization of the elements of art
composition
Artworks that can literally be touched
or felt use this type of texture.
actual
Repeating elements in an artwork
creates this principle of art.
rhythm
This term refers to the repetition of
certain elements or motifs and is an
aspect of rhythm.
pattern
This term refers to a single element
of a pattern.
motif
This type of balance occurs when
both sides of an artwork are exactly
the same.
symmetrical
This type of balance includes slight
variations on both sides of the
central axis.
approximate symmetry
This type of balance occurs through
the organization of unlike objects.
asymmetrical balance
To create asymmetrical balance,
artists place heavier objects in this
area of an artwork.
the center
This term refers to the point at which
our eye tends to rest.
focal point
This term refers to the size
relationships of the parts of an
artwork.
proportion
This term refers to the size
relationship of the parts of a work to
the work in its entirety.
scale
The Greeks established the
standards for the size relationships
of the human body during this period
of Greek sculpture.
the Classical Period
In Greek art theory, the ideal human
figure is this number of heads high.
seven and one-half
According to the ancient Greeks, the
bottom of our lips falls on a line
halfway between the chin and the
bottom of this body part.
nose
Drawing is primarily based on the
use of this element of art.
line
This type of pencil makes thick lines
that vary considerably from light to
very dark.
white soft
In this process, lines are placed
closely side by side to create
shading.
hatching
This technique is the process in
which lines are crisscrossed to make
shading.
crosshatching
This technique uses a pattern of
dots to create shading.
stippling
stippling
Colored pastels became popular
during this century.
eighteenth century
The surface of a pastel drawing is
often sprayed with this type of
material to reduce smearing.
fixative
These four techniques make up the
principal printmaking processes.
t
relief, intaglio, lithograph,
and screen prin
In printmaking, this term refers to the
plate on which the image is made.
the matrix
In this printmaking process, the artist
cuts parts from the surface of the
plate.
relief
In relief printmaking, the matrix can
be made of these three materials.
wood, linoleum, or a
synthetic material
In relief printmaking, the artist rubs
the plate and paper with this tool to
force the ink onto the paper.
burnisher
burnisher
This printmaking process works in
the opposite manner from relief
printmaking.
intaglio
In this printmaking process, the artist
creates the design using a layer of
wax or varnish.
etching
In etching, the artist incises the
design using this substance.
acid
In this printmaking process, the artist
draws the image with a waxy pencil
or crayon.
lithography
In lithography the plate is made of
one of these three materials.
stone, zinc, or aluminum
Unlike woodcutting or engraving,
anyone can perform this simple
printmaking process.
lithography
This printmaking process is used to
print most T-shirts.
screen printing
In silk-screening, the artist forces the
ink through the fabric using this tool.
squeegee
Johannes Gutenberg created the
printing press in this century.
Fifteenth
Oil paints first became widely used
during this century.
Fifteenth
This part of paint gives the paint its
color.
Pigment
This component of paint holds the
pigment together and allows the
paint to adhere to surfaces.
binder
This component of paint changes
the consistency and drying time of
the paint.
solvent
In a buon (“true”) fresco, the artist
applies the paint to this type of
plaster.
wet
In a fresco secco, the artist applies
paints to this kind of plaster.
dry
Diego Rivera created murals using
this painting technique.
Fresco
Before oil paints, this kind of paint
was the most common.
tempera
This term refers to the technique of
applying oil paints in thick or heavy
lumps.
impasto
Hot irons fuse this type of wax-
based paint to surfaces.
encaustic
Scientists created this type of paint
after World War II.
acrylic
Scientists developed photography
during this time period.
mid-nineteenth century
This sculpture-making process is
subtractive, meaning parts of the
material are removed.
carving
This sculpture-making process is
additive, meaning materials are
added to the surface to make the
sculpture.
modeling
This sculpture-making process
allows more than one copy of the
original to be made.
casting
Alexander Calder made mobiles
suspended by this material.
wire
Environmental art first emerged
during this decade.
1960s
Artists use this technique to
preserve the image of their
temporary Earthworks.
photography
This term refers to a category of
artworks in which the artist uses
several art media.
mixed media
This term refers to artworks that
combine various materials that can
be adhered to a surface.
collage
These two artists are credited with
introducing collages to the high-art
sphere.
Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque
Robert Rauschenberg is known for
his mixed media works that combine
silkscreen images with this material.
paint
This artist is known for filling open
boxes with a variety of objects to
represent a metaphoric statement.
Joseph Cornell
This art form is based upon the use
of natural materials to build three-
dimensional works.
pottery
This pottery term refers to liquid
clay.
slip
This term refers to pots that have
been made using a potter’s wheel.
“thrown” pots
This pottery tool removes all the
moisture from clay to make the clay
harden.
kiln
This material, made of clay and
minerals, provides color to pottery
works.
glaze
Glass was first made in this area of
the world.
the Middle East
Glass is primarily made of this
material.
silica
Stained glass became a dominant
art form during this time period,
when it was used to create windows
for cathedrals.
the medieval period
Northwest Coast Indians carve
boxes and house boards with
traditional designs out of this
material.
wood
This term refers to the science and
art of designing and constructing
buildings.
architecture
In this architectural technique, a long
beam lies horizontally across upright
posts.
post-and-lintel construction
The use of columns in the Greek
Parthenon exemplifies this ancient
architectural technique.
post-and-lintel construction
The Romans developed this key
construction material that is still used
today.
concrete
This architectural technique refers to
an external arch that
counterbalances the outward thrust
of a high ceiling.
flying buttress
