Art Flashcards
1
Q
This field of study centers on the
social, cultural, and economic
backgrounds of a work of art.
A
art history
2
Q
This historical discipline is closely
linked with anthropology, history,
and sociology.
A
art history
3
Q
This philosophical field centers on
the expression of beauty.
A
aesthetics
4
Q
Art criticism uses this tool to explain
current art events to the public.
A
press
5
Q
These five artistic elements make up
“fine art”.
A
paintings, prints, drawings,
sculpture, and architecture
6
Q
Artists produced this category of art
for a specific audience that viewed
objects such as paintings and prints
as works of art.
A
fine art
7
Q
These three artistic elements make
up “craft” art.
A
textiles, pottery, and body art
8
Q
Tattoos are an example of this type
of art.
A
body art
9
Q
This method of art analysis centers
on the visual aspects of the artwork.
A
formal analysis
10
Q
Formal analysis requires excellency
in these two skills.
A
observation and description
11
Q
This method of art analysis
examines the context of an artwork
for understanding.
A
contextual analysis
12
Q
Art historians using this method
would analyze matters such as the
physical location and cost of an
artwork.
A
contextual analysis
13
Q
Art historians emphasize this type of
development when analyzing a work
of art.
A
chronological
14
Q
This method of art study compares
two artworks to understand stylistic
differences between them.
A
comparative
15
Q
This method of examination is highly
preferred by historians when first
analyzing an artwork.
A
direct examination
16
Q
Art historians cannot accurately
examine the scale and three-
dimensional properties of this artistic
style in reproductions.
A
sculpture
17
Q
Art historians will consult these two
draft materials to further their
analysis.
A
sketches and preparatory
models
18
Q
Art historians use this method of
study for cultures that have a more
oral history.
A
interviews
19
Q
Art historians can study masquerade
traditions in this location.
A
West Africa
20
Q
Art history as an academic discipline
emerged in this century.
A
mid-eighteenth
21
Q
This ancient Roman historian
analyzed historical art in his work
Natural History.
A
Pliny the Elder
22
Q
Pliny the Elder created this text that
examined historical and
contemporary art.
A
Natural History
23
Q
This Renaissance artist compiled
biographies of Italian artists in The
Lives of the Artist.
A
Giorgio Vasari
24
Q
This German scholar focused on
stylistic development and historical
context.
A
Johann Joachim
Winckelmann
25
Feminist historians claim that
traditional art history focused on this
demographic.
white men
26
Art history has included these three
| ideologies in recent years.
Marxism, feminism, and
| psychoanalytic methods
27
Art historians consider these three
| materials to be enduring.
stone, metal, and fired clay
28
Art historians consider these two
| materials to be perishable.
wood and fibers
29
This coastal North African country
has the ideal conditions for art
preservation.
Egypt
30
Egypt’s climate has these conditions
which make it favorable for art
preservation.
hot and dry
31
The humid climate of this region of
Africa makes art preservation very
difficult.
West Africa
32
Art in the sites of these two regions
of the Americas is largely
unexplored.
Central and South America
33
Cave paintings in this cave are
considered the one of the oldest
works of art.
Chauvet Cave
34
Chauvet Cave paintings date from
| this period.
Old Stone Age
35
These two materials were used to
| depict animals in the Chauvet Cave.
ochre and charcoal
36
Art in the Lascaux and Altamira
| caves depicts these five animals.
horses, bears, lions, bison,
| and mammoths
37
Female figures in the Old Stone Age
tended to have exaggerated
characteristics in these three areas.
bellies, breasts, and pubic
38
This Old Stone Age statue
exemplifies the stone female figure
of the era.
Venus (or Woman) of
| Willendorf
39
The Venus of Willendorf is this
| height.
four and one-eighth inches
40
Cave dwellers tended to relocate
| from their caves in this stone age.
Middle Stone Age
41
This subject of rock shelter paintings
differentiates them from cave
paintings.
humans
42
Art historians date formations of
rings of rough-hewn stones to as
early as this time.
4000 BCE
43
Megaliths could measure up to this
| height.
seventeen feet
44
Megaliths could weigh up to this
| amount.
fifty tons
45
Art historians coined this word to
| describe “great stones”.
megaliths
46
This location features one of the
most well-known megalith
arrangements.
Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire,
| England
47
This form of sandstone is used to
| create the rings of Stonehenge.
sarsen
48
The heel-stone of Stonehenge is in
| this direction.
northeast
49
Many surviving artifacts have come
| from these three structures.
burial chambers, caves, and
| tombs
50
Mesopotamian civilizations arose
| between these two rivers.
Tigris and Euphrates
51
Sumerian life revolved around this
| cultural feature.
religion
52
This term refers to the stepped
| pyramids of Sumerian.
ziggurats
53
This ruler conquered the cities of
| Sumer around 2334 BCE.
Sargon of Akkad
54
Rather than centering around a king,
Akkadian culture was based on this
entity.
city-state
55
The Guti ruled over Mesopotamia for
| this number of years.
fifty
56
Ziggurats primarily served as these
| institutions.
temples
57
This ruler led the city-state of
| Babylonia around 1800 BCE.
Hammurabi
58
This Babylonian law is the oldest
| legal code in human history.
Code of Hammurabi
59
The Code of Hammurabi is
| preserved in this museum.
Louvre Museum
60
Hammurabi claimed inspiration from
this god when creating the Code of
Hammurabi.
Shamash
61
The Assyrians dominated this
geographical area during the rise of
Sumerian, Akkadian, and
Babylonian civilizations.
North Mesopotamia
62
Assyrian artwork mostly took the
| form of this artistic style.
relief carvings
63
The ziggurat of the temple of Bel is
| known by this name.
Ishtar Gate
64
The Persian Empire ruled in this
| present-day country.
Iran
65
The palace at Persepolis includes
| these three materials.
stone, brick, and wood
66
This civilization created the portrait
| head of Queen Nefertiti.
Ancient Egyptian
67
This art style bases the relative sizes
| of objects based on status.
hierarchical scale
68
This Egyptian relic demonstrates
| hierarchical scale.
Palette of King Narmer
69
King Narmer holds this part of a
fallen enemy in the Palette of King
Narmer.
hair
70
This art style represents figures so
| that each body part is clearly visible.
fractional representation
71
This Egyptian king’s tomb remained
| intact until 1922.
Tutankhamun
72
These two types of materials
decorated King Tutankhamun’s
tomb.
blue glass and semiprecious
| stones
73
The kingdom of Nubia is in this
| direction in relation to Egypt.
south
74
These three major cultures thrived
| on the Aegean Island.
Cycladic, Minoan, and
| Mycenaean
75
The art of this culture featured
simplified, geometric nude female
figures.
Cycladic
76
This culture replaced the Cycladic
| culture on the island of Crete.
Minoan
77
The Minoans were primarily known
| for this artistic style.
naturalistic pictorial
78
These three qualities characterized
| Minoan palaces.
light, flexible, and organic
79
This ancient Greek culture was
skilled in creating elaborate tombs
and relief sculptures.
Mycenaean
80
Greeks in the Archaic Period created
sculptures using these two
materials.
marble and limestone
81
This style of Greek vase featured
figures set against a floral
background.
Corinthian
82
Early Classic Period sculpture is
significant for these three
characteristics.
solemnity, strength, and
| simplicity
83
This Greek term means “counter
| positioning”.
contrapposto
84
This Greek pose features a standing
figure with its weight shifted to one
leg.
contrapposto
85
This Middle Classical structure was
| restored in 447 BCE.
Parthenon
86
This Greek period mixed Greek
| styles with those of Asia Minor.
Hellenistic
87
These two freestanding sculptures
| exemplified the Hellenistic Period.
Venus de Milo and Laocoon
| Group
88
This civilization’s art mixes Greek
| and Roman styles.
Etruscan
89
In Etruscan ceramic models, temple
| roofs have these two characteristics.
tiled and gabled
90
Many Etruscan paintings depict
| figures doing these two activities.
playing music and dancing
91
The Romans were one of the first
civilizations to make advances in
these two civic design areas.
architecture and engineering
92
Roman discovery of this material
greatly advanced the field of
architecture.
concrete
93
The Romans used this architectural
| form to build bridges and aqueducts.
curved arch
94
The Colosseum and the Pantheon
are engineering marvels of this
civilization.
Roman
95
Roman relief sculptures frequently
| portrayed these two subjects.
emperors and military
| victories
96
This style often characterized
| Roman funerary sculptures.
idealistic
97
Byzantium is best known for this
| type of art.
mosaic
98
Art historians are particularly
interested in studying the mosaics of
this Italian city.
Ravenna
99
This piece of Byzantine architecture
is considered one of the great
architectural works in history.
Hagia Sophia
100
This group preserved most of the art
| of the medieval period.
Church
101
In the medieval era, only these two
| social classes had formal education.
noble and clergy
102
The Book of Kells and the
Coronation Gospels are examples of
this type of medieval art.
illuminated manuscripts
103
Nomadic Germans of the early
medieval period were known for this
art form.
metalwork
104
Medieval German metalwork was
most notable for these three
characteristics.
abstract, decorative, and
| geometric
105
This medium was central to Viking
| art.
wood
106
This term refers to the combination
of Viking, Anglo-Saxon England and
Celtic Ireland artistic styles.
Hiberno-Saxon
107
This architectural style refers to the
use of Roman arches in medieval
churches.
Romanesque
108
The church of Saint-Sernin is in this
| French city.
Toulouse
109
This arch-shaped architectural
structure is used as a ceiling or
support for a roof.
vault
110
This type of vault is a tunnel of
| arches in Romanesque churches.
barrel
111
This European art style was popular
from the twelfth century to the
sixteenth century.
Gothic
112
This architectural feature provided
| an upward sense to Gothic interiors.
pointed arches
113
This type of vault is a framework of
| thin stone ribs or arches.
ribbed
114
Gothic architects developed this
technique to counteract the
downward and outward pressures of
the barrel vault arches.
flying buttresses
115
This French Gothic cathedral
| exemplifies the flying buttress.
Chartres Cathedral
116
This artist mastered the transition
between the Gothic and
Renaissance styles.
Giotto di Bondone
117
Giotto di Bondone used this type of
| perspective in his works.
simple
118
Giotto di Bondone specialized in this
| art form.
frescoes
119
This Renaissance development led
to accumulation of fortunes by
wealthy families.
paper money
120
This often-condescending term
referred to painters and sculptors
prior to the Renaissance.
artisans
121
In 1401, this artist won the city of
Florence’s competition to design the
doors for the new baptistery.
Lorenzo Ghiberti
122
Lorenzo Ghiberti depicted this
biblical event in his door panel
design.
sacrifice of Isaac
123
Michelangelo referred to Ghiberti’s
| second set of doors by this name.
Gates of Paradise
124
This artist first developed linear
| perspective.
Filippo Brunelleschi
125
The painter Masaccio used these
| two perspectives in his frescoes.
linear and aerial
126
This Renaissance artist is
considered the founder of modern
sculpture.
Donatello
127
Donatello is best known for this
| bronze statue.
David
128
This painting is Botticelli’s best-
| known work.
The Birth of Venus
129
These two Renaissance artists are
considered models for the
“Renaissance Man”
Leonardo da Vinci and
| Michelangelo
130
These two Leonardo di Vinci
paintings are considered icons of
modern culture.
The Last Supper and the
| Mona Lisa
131
Leonardo di Vinci pioneered this
| painting technique.
sfumato
132
“Sfumato” stems from this root word.
fumo
133
Michelangelo created this marble
sculpture as part of a contest in
Florence.
David
134
Michelangelo’s David was sculpted
| out of this material.
marble
135
This Pope asked Michelangelo to
| design his tomb in 1505.
Julius II
136
Michelangelo sculpted these three
| statues for the Pope.
Moses, The Dying Slave,
| and The Bound Slave
137
This papal action was one of the
biggest disappointments of
Michelangelo’s career.
cancellation of the
commission to design the
Pope’s tomb
138
Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to
| decorate the ceiling of this chapel.
Sistine Chapel
139
Michelangelo spent this number of
years to decorate the ceiling of the
Sistine Chapel.
four
four
140
The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
| covers this number of square yards.
seven hundred
141
This artist was considered Raphael
| Sanzio’s older rival.
Michelangelo
142
Raphael painted this fresco as
tribute to the great Greek
philosophers and scientists.
School of Athens
143
The Sistine Madonna depicts this
| biblical character.
Virgin Mary
144
This Giorgione painting featured the
landscape as the subject of the
painting.
The Tempest
145
This artist is considered to have
been the greatest colorist of the
Renaissance.
Titian Vecelli
146
These two objects are examples of
| Titian’s the backdrop elements.
column and curtain
147
Tintoretto is often associated with
| this artistic style.
Mannerism
148
This artistic technique refers to
dramatic contrasts between light and
dark.
chiaroscuro
149
This sixteenth-century religious
event greatly influenced art of the
time.
Reformation
150
Dominikos Theotokopoulos is
| commonly known by this nickname.
El Greco
151
El Greco moved from Italy to this
| location in 1576.
Toledo, Spain
152
The detail of Northern Renaissance
artists could be described with this
adjective.
realistic
153
The realistic detail of northern
European artists was mainly due to
the use of this new medium.
oil paints
154
These two figures are considered
the greatest artists of the Northern
Renaissance.
Matthias Grünewald and
| Albrecht Dürer
155
This number of Grünewald’s works
| still exist today.
ten
156
Grünewald depicted this biblical
| event in the Isenheim Altarpiece.
Christ’s crucifixion
157
The Isenheim Altarpiece consisted
| of this number of panels.
nine
158
Albrecht Dürer created this woodcut
| in 1498.
The Four Horsemen of the
| Apocalypse
159
This artist is one of the greatest
| Renaissance portraitists.
Hans Holbein the Younger
160
Holbein was a court painter to this
| English king.
Henry VIII
161
This artistic period included artwork
from the late sixteenth century
through the mid-eighteenth century.
Baroque
162
```
The ruling class in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries believed
their power to be this type of right.
```
divine
163
This Austrian ruler dominated the
lives of her subjects during the
Baroque era.
Maria Theresa
164
This Enlightenment thinker
documented the social inequality of
the Baroque era.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
165
The name of this art period alludes
to the rich colors and great
ornamentation of the art of the
period.
baroque
166
Baroque painters used this
technique to make subjects appear
to be in the spotlight.
chiaroscuro
167
This Baroque painter was widely
known for his dramatic contrasts of
light and dark.
Caravaggio
168
Caravaggio was from this country.
Italy
169
This term often refers to
Caravaggio’s extreme contrasts of
dark and light.
caravaggesque
170
Caravaggio often depicted these two
| biblical figures.
Virgin Mary and apostles
171
This female artist was one of the
| most prominent Baroque artists.
Artemisia Gentileschi
172
Artemisia Gentileschi often painted
| these two subjects.
herself and Old Testament
| women
173
The Pope recognized this Baroque
| artist at the age of seventeen.
Gianlorenzo Bernini
174
This artwork is considered Bernini’s
| most important masterpiece.
Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
175
The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa stands
| in the altar of this chapel.
Cornaro Chapel
176
Peter Paul Rubens established a
| huge workshop in this location.
Flanders
177
This 1642 portrait is considered
Rembrandt van Rijn’s best-known
work.
The Night Watch
178
This ruler built the grand palace at
| Versailles in 1669.
Louis XIV
179
This system refers to Louis XIV’s
method of selecting artists to
support.
Salon
180
This court painter served the
| Spanish court of King Philip IV.
Diego Velázquez
181
This subsequent artistic style is
considered an extension of the
Baroque period.
Rococo
182
Rococo works emphasized these
| ideas.
gaiety, romance, and frivolity
183
Jean-Antoine Watteau is considered
| the creator of this genre of painting.
fête galante
184
Madame Pompadour favored this
| Rococo painter.
François Boucher
185
This artist studied with Boucher and
found favor with Madame
Pompadour.
Jean Honoré Fragonard
186
This 1789 revolution emphasized
democratic ideals that the artwork of
the time reflected.
French Revolution
187
This artistic style represented a
revival in classical Greek and
Roman art.
Neoclassicism
188
Jacques-Louis David painted this
work that demonstrated republic
values.
Oath of the Horatii
189
This artist painted Oath of the Horatii
| in 1784.
Jacques-Louis David
190
David became a dedicated painter to
| this leader.
Napoleon Bonaparte
191
This pupil of Jacques-Louis David
was also a prominent Neoclassical
artist.
Jean-Dominique Ingres
192
Jean-Dominique Ingres
demonstrated these four
Neoclassical characteristics.
sharp outlines, unemotional
figures, geometric
composition, and rational
order
193
This artistic style shared
characteristics with the emotional
Baroque style but with a differing
subject matter.
Romanticism
194
This Romantic artist was considered
| Ingres’s rival.
Eugène Delacroix
195
Romantic artists valued this idea
| over reason.
feeling
196
These two artists also exemplified
| the Romantic style.
Théodore Gericault and
| William Blake
197
This artistic style was considered a
reaction to Neoclassicism and
Romanticism.
Realism
198
This Realist artist showed a painting
of ordinary workmen repairing a road
at the Salon.
Gustave Courbet
199
Gustave Courbet created this
conventional painting beginning in
1849.
The Stonebreakers
200
The Stonebreakers alluded to the
series of revolutions in Europe that
began in this year.
1848
201
These two artists frequently used the
| Realist style.
Honoré Daumier and Jean
| François Millet
202
This artistic style developed from
dissatisfaction with the rules of the
Salon.
Impressionism
203
This artist is considered to be the
| first Impressionist.
Édouard Manet
204
Manet included this painting in the
| Salon des Refusés in 1863.
Luncheon on the Grass
205
The woman in the Luncheon on the
| Grass is in this state of dress.
nude
206
This 1872 Monet work gave
| Impressionism its name.
Impression, Sunrise
207
Impressionist artists captured this
type of stroke to capture quickly
changing light.
rapid
208
Paul Cézanne attempted to redefine
| art in terms of this artistic element.
form
209
This artistic element unified most
| Post-Impressionists.
color
210
This artist emphasized the scientific
| rules regarding colors.
Georges Seurat
211
Vincent van Gogh focused on
capturing the light in this region of
France.
southern France
212
Van Gogh believed that artist’s
colors should portray this feature of
life.
inner human emotion
213
Paul Gauguin spent time in this
| profession before pursuing art.
stockbroker
214
Gauguin traveled to this location in
pursuit of more intense colors and
an “unschooled” style.
Tahiti
215
Edgar Degas utilized this type of
| perspective in his work.
Japanese-like
216
This group of artists mixed
Romantic, archaic, and moralistic
elements to create a unique style.
Pre-Raphaelites
217
This artistic style featured leaves
and flowers with flowing and curvy
lines.
Art Nouveau
218
Post-Impressionists that emphasized
| arbitrary color were given this name.
fauves
219
These two artists collaborated to
| pioneer Cubism.
Pablo Picasso and Georges
| Braque
220
Cubists drew inspiration from the art
| of this continent.
Africa
221
Die Brücke consisted of these two
| artists.
Ernst Ludwig and Emil Nolde
222
This artistic style refers to when the
inner functions of the mind can be
seen in a work of art.
Expressionism
223
Piet Mondrian utilizes this type of
| canvas consisting of primary color.
De Stijl
224
The Barnes Foundation arranged
this major display of modern art in
1913.
Armory Show
225
This Marcel Duchamp artwork
| appeared at the Armory Show.
Nude Descending a
| Staircase
226
These two adjectives describe the
| figures in Brancusi’s The Kiss.
abstracted and block-like
227
This New York City neighborhood
became a hub for African-American
innovation during the 1920s.
Harlem
228
This post-World War I movement
arose from disillusionment with the
war.
Dada
229
Duchamp’s LHOOQ in 1919 was a
| reproduction of this famous artwork.
Mona Lisa
230
This category of art created by
Duchamp refers to ordinary objects
with new contexts.
ready-mades
231
The theories of this psychologist
| influenced Surrealists.
Sigmund Freud
232
This school of design developed in
Germany between the First and
Second World Wars
Bauhaus
233
This graphic artist and designer of
the Bauhaus faculty travelled to the
United States to teach.
Josef Albers
234
Government-sponsored art during
World War II mainly served for this
purpose.
propaganda
235
This 1940s style of art emphasized
direct feelings, dramatic colors, and
sweeping brushstrokes.
Abstract Expressionism
236
These types of Abstract
Expressionist paintings consisted of
broad areas of color and simple
geometric forms.
Color Field paintings
237
These two artists are well-known for
| their color field paintings.
Mark Rothko and Josef
| Albers
238
Jasper John’s work often included
| these four common elements.
flags, numbers, maps, and
| letters
239
This twentieth-century artist created
sculptures from objects around him
and coined them “combines”.
Robert Rauschenberg
240
Rauschenberg created this work in
| 1959 featuring many “found” items.
Monogram
241
This style of art included images of
| mass culture in the 1960s.
Pop Art
242
This pop artist recreated comic book
imagery on a large-scale using
patterns of dots.
Roy Lichtenstein
243
This artistic style focused on simple
| form and monochromatic colors.
Minimalism
244
Dan Flavin used this medium in his
| minimalist works.
neon tubing
245
This version of realism emphasizes
| a sharp focus on the subject.
Photorealism
246
This artist famously worked with
| Christo to create environmental art.
Jeanne-Claude
247
Christo built a cloth fence in
California that was this number of
miles long.
twenty-four
248
This performance art group utilizes
guerrilla-warfare tactics to fight
against the art world they see as
dominated by white men.
Guerrilla Girls
249
The Guerrilla Girls wear these types
| of masks to conceal their identities.
gorilla
250
Architect Philip Johnson is a
| proponent of this art style.
Postmodernism
251
Philip Johnson was at one time
considered one of the leading
modern architects of this style.
International Style
252
Philip Johnson added a finial for
| decoration to this building.
the AT&T building (1984),
| now 550 Madison Avenue
253
This Bauhaus idea dominated
architecture before Philip Johnson
and the International Style.
form follows function
254
The remains of painted wares from
China date back to approximately
this date.
the fourth millennium BCE
255
This person was the first to unite the
| Chinese kingdom.
the Emperor of Qin
256
The sculptures the Emperor of Qin
had created of his soldiers were
made of this material.
clay
The sculptures the Emperor of Qin
had created of his soldiers were
made of this material.
clay
257
The dynasties succeeding Qin were
| known for these types of artworks.
bronze statues and
| ceremonial vessels
258
This dynasty is often referred to as
| the Chinese Golden Age.
Tang Dynasty
259
Art historians still do not understand
this aspect of the intricately
designed vessels from ancient
China.
the methods of casting
260
Traditional Chinese art placed a high
| value on this type of drawing.
ink drawings
261
After the communist revolution in
China, art was primarily used for this
purpose.
political propaganda
262
India has more than this number of
| spoken languages and dialects.
1,600
263
This ancient civilization influenced
| images of Buddha in India.
Greece
264
Indian art shows influence from
| these two religions.
Buddhism and Hinduism
265
Images from India show this god
| dancing with multiple arms.
Shiva
266
This major religion influenced the art
| of both Japan and China.
Buddhism
267
During the Impressionist movement,
Japan sent a group of artists to this
country.
France
268
The Japanese artists that returned
from France introduced these three
artistic techniques to Japan.
linear perspective and the
colors and subjects of
Impressionism
269
Japan is best known in the Western
| world for this type of art.
printmaking
270
Artists from this country imitated
Japanese prints in the late
nineteenth century.
France
271
This part of Africa is incorporated
| into the history of Western art.
northern Africa
272
Some of the oldest examples of
African art are cave paintings from
this country.
Namibia
273
The Nok civilization had an influence
on later groups such as this one,
most numerous in Nigeria.
Yoruba
274
This cultural group created the Benin
| Kingdom.
the Edo people
275
The Benin king has this title.
the oba
276
The Benin Kingdom made this type
| of art for ancestral altars.
bronze portrait heads
277
During this year, the British
destroyed or confiscated many
artworks from the Benin Kingdom.
1897
278
Many artworks from Africa are made
| from these two perishable materials.
fiber and wood
279
Western colonists used to see
African artworks as symbols of this
religious idea and destroyed them as
a result.
paganism
280
The functionality of African art
| challenges this Western art idea.
art for art’s sake
281
African cultural groups such as
these two are well-known for their
masks.
the Dan and the Bwa
282
Oceania is the name for the
thousands of islands that make up
these three areas.
Polynesia, Melanesia, and
| Micronesia
283
In Polynesia, tattoos and other body
| arts express this idea.
social stature
284
This type of art preserved
Polynesian body art before the
invention of photography.
engraving
285
Melanesian cultures used these
types of artworks to summon the
spirits of ancestors and honor the
dead.
masks
286
Pacific islanders, such as those from
this New Zealand group, are reviving
old traditions in a new context.
the Maori
287
Practitioners of Islam follow the
| teachings of this prophet.
Muhammad
288
This building is one of the oldest
| examples of Islamic architecture.
the Dome of the Rock
289
Some of the most valued art objects
in Islam are beautiful copies of this
book.
the Koran
290
Jews, Muslims, and Christians
| believe this city in Israel is sacred.
Jerusalem
291
Great civilizations in the Americas
| include these five nations.
Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Aztec,
| and Inca
292
This pyramid, located in Mexico, is
one of the best known in the
Americas.
the Pyramid of the Sun
293
There is now evidence of people
living in present-day Canada and the
United States dating back to this
number of years.
12,000
294
The Native Americans of the
Southwest built this kind of building
that often contained over one
hundred rooms.
pueblo complexes
295
These are the six basic elements of
| art.
line, shape, form, space,
| color, and texture
296
This element of art is defined as the
path of a point moving through
space.
line
297
A line consisting of a series of
interrupted dots or lines is called this
type of line.
implied line
298
Using these two types of lines
| creates a stable and static feeling.
horizontal and vertical
299
An artist can create a sense of
| activity with these types of lines.
curving and jagged lines
300
This element of art is the two-
| dimensional area of an object.
shape
301
This element of art is three-
| dimensional objects.
form
302
This type of shape/form can be
defined mathematically and is
precise and regular.
geometric
303
This type of shape/form is irregular
| and freeform.
organic
304
This term refers to the area that the
shapes and forms in an artwork
occupy.
positive space
305
High and bas are the two types of
| this form of sculpture.
relief
306
This type of sculpture is made fully
| in the round.
freestanding
307
This element of art is the illusion of
| depth.
perspective
308
This technique makes objects that
are farther away appear lighter and
more neutral in color.
aerial/atmospheric
| perspective
309
Artists invented mathematical
techniques to create the illusion of
space during this time period.
Renaissance
310
This technique is founded on the
visual phenomenon that lines appear
to converge into a point on the
horizon.
linear perspective
311
This term is defined as the name of
| a color.
hue
312
Red, blue, and yellow make up this
| group of colors.
primary
313
Mixing two primary colors creates
| this group of colors.
secondary
314
Combining a primary and an
adjacent secondary color creates
this group of colors.
tertiary
315
This physicist developed the
underlying concepts of the color
wheel.
Sir Isaac Newton
316
This term refers to the lightness or
| darkness of a color or of gray.
value
317
Black and white are not hues and
| are instead referred to by this term.
neutrals
318
This term refers to the brightness or
| purity of a color.
intensity
319
This type of color is the most intense
| or pure.
primary
320
Adding equal parts of two
complements creates a dull tone of
this color.
brown
321
Scientists discovered the relativity of
| color in this century.
nineteenth
322
Red, orange, and yellow are
considered this type of color in
Western art because they are
associated with heat.
warm
323
This type of color is the “true” color
of an object without the effects of
distance or reflections.
local
324
This type of color refers to the effect
| of lighting on the color of objects.
optical
325
Artists use this type of color for its
| emotional or aesthetic impact.
arbitrary
326
This element of art refers to how
things feel, or how we think they
would feel, when touched.
texture
327
Two-dimensional artworks use this
type of texture, which gives an
illusion of a textured surface.
visual
328
This art term refers to the artist’s
| organization of the elements of art
composition
329
Artworks that can literally be touched
| or felt use this type of texture.
actual
330
Repeating elements in an artwork
| creates this principle of art.
rhythm
331
This term refers to the repetition of
certain elements or motifs and is an
aspect of rhythm.
pattern
332
This term refers to a single element
| of a pattern.
motif
333
This type of balance occurs when
both sides of an artwork are exactly
the same.
symmetrical
334
This type of balance includes slight
variations on both sides of the
central axis.
approximate symmetry
335
This type of balance occurs through
| the organization of unlike objects.
asymmetrical balance
336
To create asymmetrical balance,
artists place heavier objects in this
area of an artwork.
the center
337
This term refers to the point at which
| our eye tends to rest.
focal point
338
This term refers to the size
relationships of the parts of an
artwork.
proportion
339
This term refers to the size
relationship of the parts of a work to
the work in its entirety.
scale
340
The Greeks established the
standards for the size relationships
of the human body during this period
of Greek sculpture.
the Classical Period
341
In Greek art theory, the ideal human
| figure is this number of heads high.
seven and one-half
342
According to the ancient Greeks, the
bottom of our lips falls on a line
halfway between the chin and the
bottom of this body part.
nose
343
Drawing is primarily based on the
| use of this element of art.
line
344
This type of pencil makes thick lines
that vary considerably from light to
very dark.
white soft
345
In this process, lines are placed
closely side by side to create
shading.
hatching
346
This technique is the process in
which lines are crisscrossed to make
shading.
crosshatching
347
This technique uses a pattern of
dots to create shading.
stippling
stippling
348
Colored pastels became popular
| during this century.
eighteenth century
349
The surface of a pastel drawing is
often sprayed with this type of
material to reduce smearing.
fixative
350
These four techniques make up the
principal printmaking processes.
t
relief, intaglio, lithograph,
| and screen prin
351
In printmaking, this term refers to the
| plate on which the image is made.
the matrix
352
In this printmaking process, the artist
cuts parts from the surface of the
plate.
relief
353
In relief printmaking, the matrix can
| be made of these three materials.
wood, linoleum, or a
| synthetic material
354
In relief printmaking, the artist rubs
the plate and paper with this tool to
force the ink onto the paper.
burnisher
burnisher
355
This printmaking process works in
the opposite manner from relief
printmaking.
intaglio
356
In this printmaking process, the artist
creates the design using a layer of
wax or varnish.
etching
357
In etching, the artist incises the
| design using this substance.
acid
358
In this printmaking process, the artist
draws the image with a waxy pencil
or crayon.
lithography
359
In lithography the plate is made of
| one of these three materials.
stone, zinc, or aluminum
360
Unlike woodcutting or engraving,
anyone can perform this simple
printmaking process.
lithography
361
This printmaking process is used to
| print most T-shirts.
screen printing
362
In silk-screening, the artist forces the
| ink through the fabric using this tool.
squeegee
363
Johannes Gutenberg created the
| printing press in this century.
Fifteenth
364
Oil paints first became widely used
| during this century.
Fifteenth
365
This part of paint gives the paint its
| color.
Pigment
366
This component of paint holds the
pigment together and allows the
paint to adhere to surfaces.
binder
367
This component of paint changes
the consistency and drying time of
the paint.
solvent
368
In a buon (“true”) fresco, the artist
applies the paint to this type of
plaster.
wet
369
In a fresco secco, the artist applies
| paints to this kind of plaster.
dry
370
Diego Rivera created murals using
| this painting technique.
Fresco
371
Before oil paints, this kind of paint
| was the most common.
tempera
372
This term refers to the technique of
applying oil paints in thick or heavy
lumps.
impasto
373
Hot irons fuse this type of wax-
| based paint to surfaces.
encaustic
374
Scientists created this type of paint
| after World War II.
acrylic
375
Scientists developed photography
| during this time period.
mid-nineteenth century
376
This sculpture-making process is
subtractive, meaning parts of the
material are removed.
carving
377
This sculpture-making process is
additive, meaning materials are
added to the surface to make the
sculpture.
modeling
378
This sculpture-making process
allows more than one copy of the
original to be made.
casting
379
Alexander Calder made mobiles
| suspended by this material.
wire
380
Environmental art first emerged
during this decade.
1960s
381
Artists use this technique to
preserve the image of their
temporary Earthworks.
photography
382
This term refers to a category of
artworks in which the artist uses
several art media.
mixed media
383
This term refers to artworks that
combine various materials that can
be adhered to a surface.
collage
384
These two artists are credited with
introducing collages to the high-art
sphere.
Pablo Picasso and Georges
| Braque
385
Robert Rauschenberg is known for
his mixed media works that combine
silkscreen images with this material.
paint
386
This artist is known for filling open
boxes with a variety of objects to
represent a metaphoric statement.
Joseph Cornell
387
This art form is based upon the use
of natural materials to build three-
dimensional works.
pottery
388
This pottery term refers to liquid
| clay.
slip
389
This term refers to pots that have
| been made using a potter’s wheel.
“thrown” pots
390
This pottery tool removes all the
moisture from clay to make the clay
harden.
kiln
391
This material, made of clay and
minerals, provides color to pottery
works.
glaze
392
Glass was first made in this area of
| the world.
the Middle East
393
Glass is primarily made of this
| material.
silica
394
Stained glass became a dominant
art form during this time period,
when it was used to create windows
for cathedrals.
the medieval period
395
Northwest Coast Indians carve
boxes and house boards with
traditional designs out of this
material.
wood
396
This term refers to the science and
art of designing and constructing
buildings.
architecture
397
In this architectural technique, a long
beam lies horizontally across upright
posts.
post-and-lintel construction
398
The use of columns in the Greek
Parthenon exemplifies this ancient
architectural technique.
post-and-lintel construction
399
The Romans developed this key
construction material that is still used
today.
concrete
400
This architectural technique refers to
an external arch that
counterbalances the outward thrust
of a high ceiling.
flying buttress
401
This building, located in London, is
made of glass walls held in place by
slim iron rods.
the Crystal Palace
402
The Crystal Palace was built for this
| major event in 1851.
the World’s Fair in London
403
Antoni Gaudi created buildings of
stone without any flat surfaces or
straight lines in this country.
Spain
404
These two materials are the most
common for large public,
commercial, and multi-family
housing.
steel and concrete
405
These two materials are the most
| common for residential homes.
wood and brick
406
The Puritans settled in New England
| during this time period.
early to mid-seventeenth
| century
407
Puritans used this type of art to
establish identity and record family
lineages.
portraiture
408
Puritans rejected this kind of painting
because they believed it to be
associated with excess and idolatry.
religious painting
409
The Puritans believed in this
doctrine, which said that God
rewarded the hardworking and
faithful with wealth.
Calvinist
410
This artist’s court paintings inspired
| the Grand Manner style.
Anthony van Dyck
411
Puritans preferred this style of
| portraiture.
Elizabethan
412
The portraits of John Freake and
Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary
show this portraiture style.
Elizabethan
413
The portraits of John Freake and
Elizabeth Freake and Baby Mary
show this portraiture style.
Elizabethan
414
This term refers to painters that
moved from place to place painting
signage and portraits.
itinerant limner
415
In the portrait of her and baby Mary,
Elizabeth Freake wore pearls
imported from this country.
China
416
Thomas Smith’s “Self-Portrait”
depicts a seascape with ships from
these two European countries.
Netherlands and England
417
Thomas Smith’s wealth is most
apparent from this piece of clothing
in his portrait.
the fine ruffled lace on his
| neck
418
This Latin phrase translates to
| “remember that you will die.”
memento mori
419
Thomas Smith likely had this job.
sea captain/mariner
420
These two qualities characterize
| colonial folk portraiture.
flatness and linearity
421
This Scottish artist helped introduce
modeling and naturalism to the
colonies.
John Smibert
422
This man gave John Singleton
Copley an introduction to painting,
drawing, and printmaking.
Peter Pelham
423
Copley taught himself to paint using
these two resources from his
stepfather as guides.
anatomy books and art prints
424
Copley purchased the contents of
| this Scottish artist’s studio.
John Smibert
425
Copley became highly sought after
| in Boston for this type of art.
portraits
426
Copley submitted this painting to the
annual exhibition of the Society of
Artists of Great Britain.
Boy with a Squirrel
427
Copley’s Boy with a Squirrel
attracted the attention of this artist,
who invited Copley to London.
Benjamin West
428
Copley and his wife bought a house
next to John Hancock in this
location.
Beacon Hill
429
Paul Revere’s father originally went
| by this name before he anglicized it.
Apollos Riviore
430
Paul Revere had this number of
| siblings.
eleven
431
Paul Revere briefly worked as a
| soldier during this war.
French and Indian War
432
Paul Revere performed these three
| services in his shop.
engraving silverware,
engraving plates for printing,
and operating a printing
press
433
Paul Revere famously engraved a
drawing of the Boston Massacre
originally by this man.
Henry Pelham
434
After the Boston Tea Party, Paul
Revere served as a courier, bringing
news from Boston to these two
cities.
New York and Philadelphia
435
Paul Revere was best known during
| his lifetime for this job.
silversmith
436
The removal of British tea taxes led
to increased post-Revolutionary War
demand for items such as these two.
teapots and sugar bowls
437
Paul Revere made his teapots using
| silver from this country.
Mexico
438
Examples of Paul Revere’s silver
work can be found in these two
museums.
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
and the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York
City
439
Paul Revere became famous thanks
to this poet’s poem “Paul Revere’s
Ride.”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
440
The poem “Paul Revere’s Ride” was
| published in this newspaper.
The Atlantic Monthly
441
While Revere was detained by
British forces, this man alerted the
residents of Concord of the incoming
British.
Samuel Prescott
442
Copley knew Revere before painting
him because Revere made these
items for Copley’s portrait
miniatures.
silver frames
443
In Copley’s portrait of him, Revere is
holding this item that he crafted
himself.
a silver teapot
444
In Copley’s portrait of him, Paul
Revere’s right hand is touching this
part of his body.
chin
445
The Townshend Acts taxed these six
| items.
tea, oil, lead, paper paint,
| and glass
446
This man was Copley’s father-in-law
and owned one of the ships involved
in the Boston Tea Party.
Richard Clarke
447
The portrait of Paul Revere focuses
| on the nobility of these three ideas.
work, thoughtfulness, and
| egalitarianism
448
During the years before the
Revolutionary War, Americans
limited rights to this group of people.
white, landowning men
449
This Boston location held portraits of
| Samuel Adams and John Hancock.
Faneuil Hall
450
Revere’s portrait was mostly
unknown until it was lent to this
museum in 1928.
Museum of Fine Arts
451
Phillis Wheatley came to America
| aboard this slave ship.
the Phillis
452
During the 1760s, this many
| enslaved people lived in Boston.
one thousand
453
This merchant bought Phillis
Wheatley when she came to
America.
John Wheatley
454
Phillis was taught to read these
| three languages by her enslaves.
Greek, Latin, and English
455
Phillis Wheatley published her first
| poem in this newspaper.
the Rhode Island Newport
| Mercury
456
Phillis Wheatley’s work shows she
was familiar with the works of these
five writers.
Alexander Pope, John
Milton, Virgil, Ovid, and
Homer
457
Phillis Wheatley gained attention
after writing a poem about this
Anglican preacher.
Reverend George Whitefield
458
This woman helped Phillis Wheatley
secure a publisher and printer in
London.
Selena Hastings
459
With the help of her patron Selena,
Phillis Wheatley published this
poetry book when she was twenty.
Poems on Various Subjects,
| Religious and Moral
460
Selena Hastings held this noble title.
Countess of Huntingdon
461
In this year a legal judgement ruled
that enslaved people could not be
moved out of England against their
will.
1772
462
Phillis Wheatley was born in this
| West African nation.
Gambia
463
After she sent him a poem, George
Washington invited Phillis Wheatley
to meet him at this location.
Cambridge
464
Before meeting George Washington,
Phillis Wheatley met these two men
while in London.
Benjamin Franklin and Sir
| Brook Watson
465
Phillis Wheatley commemorated the
end of the Revolutionary War with
this poem.
Liberty and Peace, A Poem
466
Phillis Wheatley married this man in
| 1778.
John Peters
467
Phillis Wheatley died at this age
| after giving birth to her third child.
31
468
This book used the Moorhead
portrait of Wheatley as its
frontispiece.
Poems on Various Subjects,
| Religious and Moral
469
This man printed the portrait of
| Wheatley by Moorhead.
Archibald Bell
470
In the portrait of her, Phillis Wheatley
| is wearing this type of hat.
mobcap
471
This African American artist painted
| the portrait of Phillis Wheatley.
Scipio Moorhead
472
In the Moorhead portrait, Phillis
Wheatley held a quill pen in this
hand.
her right hand
473
In 1772 Copley painted a portrait of
this woman, who had a similar pose
to Wheatley in Moorhead’s portrait.
```
Dorothy Quincy (Mrs. John
Hancock)
```
474
Women in portraiture were typically
| shown in this type of posture.
passive
475
This man was the first signer of the
Declaration of Independence and
the first governor of Massachusetts.
John Hancock
476
In the portrait of Dorothy Quincy by
Copley, Dorothy is shown wearing
this color gown.
pink
477
The text inscribed on the border of
the portrait of Phillis Wheatley reads
this.
“Phillis Wheatley, Negro
servant to John Wheatley, of
Boston.”
478
The oval frame around Phillis in the
portrait of her symbolizes this about
her.
she was defined and
confined by her
circumstances
479
Scipio Moorhead was an enslaved
| person in the household of this man.
Reverend John Moorhead
480
Scipio Moorhead probably learned to
draw from this woman, who was an
art teacher.
Sarah Moorhead
481
Scipio Moorhead advertised his
artistic services in this newspaper,
saying he had an “extraordinary
genius.”
the Boston Newsletter
482
The original portrait of Phillis
Wheatley by Moorhead was this kind
of artwork.
ink drawing
483
Wheatley dedicated this poem to
| Scipio Moorhead.
“To S.M., a young African
| painter on seeing his works”
484
This number of Scipio Moorhead’s
| original paintings remain today.
zero
485
Most women during the eighteenth
century were taught handicrafts like
these three.
sewing, weaving, and
| embroidery
486
This term refers to a piece of
needlework that displays various
stitches and often shows the
alphabet or an embroidered verse.
sampler
487
In private academies during the
eighteenth century, middle-class
girls learned needlework along with
these two skills.
music and watercolor
| painting
488
```
Before women could join the
National Academy of Design, their
only opportunity to show their
creativity was through exhibitions in
these places.
```
private academies
489
Prudence Punderson’s embroidered
picture is just under this number of
inches tall.
13
490
In her embroidered picture,
Prudence Punderson depicts a room
in this state.
Connecticut
491
The title of Prudence Punderson’s
embroidered picture is signed in this
material.
black ink
492
In the picture inside Prudence
Punderson’s embroidered picture, a
woman is standing beside a man of
this profession.
soldier or guard
493
In the center of her embroidered
picture, Prudence Punderson shows
herself performing this activity.
working on an art project
494
Prudence Punderson depicted a tea
table of this style in her embroidered
picture.
Chippendale-style
495
The average life expectancy for a
woman in New England during the
eighteenth century was this many
years.
forty-two years
496
Outbreaks of these three diseases
were common in the colonies during
the eighteenth-century.
smallpox, typhus, and yellow
| fever
497
Prudence Punderson died at this
age after giving birth to her first
child.
26
498
Prudence Punderson was born in
| this place in 1758.
Preston, Connecticut
499
Prudence Punderson had this many
| siblings.
seven
500
Prudence Punderson married this
| man.
Dr. Timothy Wells Rossiter
501
Wright was born in this city. Bordento
wn, New Jersey
502
This waxwork sculptor was born to
| Quaker parents in 1725.
Patience Wright
503
Wright married this cooper after she
| moved to Philadelphia.
Joseph Wright
504
Wright went into business with her
sister creating portraits in this
medium.
wax
505
Wright had sculpted with this
| medium as a hobby since childhood.
modeling clay
506
Wright moved to this state so that
her business could reach a wider
clientele.
New York
507
Wright’s portrait sculpture of this
famous evangelist toured the East
Coast
Reverend Whitefield
508
Waxworks were not considered fine
art because they were exhibited at
these venues.
fairs
509
One of Wright’s clients held this
| official position in New York.
lieutenant governor
510
Wright’s New York studio caught fire
| in this year.
1771
511
While in London, Wright modeled a
portrait bust of this famed expatriate
artist.
Benjamin West
512
This phenomenon causes wax to
develop breakage and be damaged
over time.
temperature changes
513
Wright’s portrait statue of Sir William
Pitt, Earl of Chatham can be found in
this collection.
Westminster Abbey
514
Pitt defended colonial rights against
| this legislation.
Stamp Act
515
Pitt is wearing these clothes in
| Wright’s portrait sculpture of him.
parliamentary robes
516
Wright referred to Pitt with this
| nickname.
guardian angel
517
Wright advocated these two causes. American independence,
women’s rights
518
Wright would pass notes with
political information hidden in this
part of her sculptures.
head
519
Pine was a British portrait painter
| born in this city.
London
520
The British Royal Academy of Art
| excluded Pine for this reason.
his radical politics
521
In Pine’s painting, this object is in
| Wright’s lap.
lump of wax
522
Wright used heat from this source to
| warm her wax for sculpting.
her thighs
523
Wright’s sculpting process, as
described by these sources, gives
the impression of giving birth.
contemporary accounts
524
This title appeared on a published
print of Wright lifting a sculpted bust
from her skirts.
“Mrs. Wright Finishing a
| Busto”
525
Pine’s portrait of Wright emphasizes
| this hand.
right
526
Wax and clay modeling involve this
kind of sculptural process.
additive
additive
527
Marble and word carving involve this
| kind of sculptural process.
subtractive
528
This kind of wax is easily tinted
| when mixed with pigments.
beeswax
529
The earliest wax figures come from
| this time and place.
ancient Egypt
530
This worldwide chain of wax
museums is associated with popular
entertainment.
Madame Tussaud’s
531
Stuart was born in this city in 1755. Newport,
Rhode Island
532
Stuart’s Scottish immigrant father
| manufactured this product.
snuff
533
Stuart apprenticed with a local of this
| profession.
limner
534
Stuart studied art in England with
this instructor.
Benjamin West
535
Stuart established his critical
reputation when he exhibited this
painting.
The Skater
536
Stuart’s The Skater has this kind of
| brushwork.
impressionistic
537
Stuart fled England for Ireland in
| order to escape these people.
his debtors
538
After fleeing Ireland because of debt,
| Stuart arrived at this American city.
Philadelphia
539
Stuart painted more than a hundred
portraits of this person between
1795 and 1825.
George Washington
540
This portrait is Stuart’s most
| recognizable painting.
Athenaeum portrait
541
This institution acquired the
Athenaeum portrait shortly after the
artist’s death.
Boston Athenaeum
542
The Athenaeum portrait was used as
the engraving that appears on this
object.
dollar bill
543
Stuart charged this amount for each
of his copies of the Athenaeum
portrait.
$100
544
Stuart referred to the copies of the
Athenaeum portrait with this
nickname.
$100 bills
545
The Athenaeum portrait’s neutral
background gives the painting this
quality.
timelessness
546
Stuart’s depiction of Washington
| emphasized these three qualities.
moderation, restraint, resolve
547
The commissioner of Stuart’s
Lansdowne Portrait was a senator of
this state.
Pennsylvania
548
This 1796 Stuart painting depicts
| Washington in full-length.
Lansdowne Portrait
549
One copy of the Lansdowne Portrait
has hung in this room of the White
House since 1800.
East Room
550
These two people rescued the
Lansdowne Portrait during the
burning of Washington in the War of
1812.
Dolley Madison, Paul
| Jennings
551
Stuart based the Lansdowne
portrait’s pose on a 1723 engraving
by this artist.
Pierre Drevet
552
Ancient Roman statues of these
figures commonly had an upright
posture and extended arm
Republican senators
553
In the Lansdowne Portrait, these two
items allude to Washington’s signing
bills into law.
quill pen and inkwell
554
In the Lansdowne Portrait, the
thirteen stars and stripes appear on
this object.
medallion
555
The legs of Washington’s desk in the
Lansdowne Portrait are carved with
this animal.
bald eagle
556
This organizing body of the Six
Nations used eagles and arrows as
symbols.
Iroquois Confederacy
557
The table leg in the Lansdowne
Portrait is carved to resemble these
ancient Roman power symbols.
fasces
558
This item in the background of the
Lansdowne Portrait alludes to Greek
democratic ideals.
classical column
559
European Grand Manner portraits of
nobility commonly used these two
features as a backdrop.
column and drapery
560
This 1701 Rigaud painting
demonstrates the European Grand
Manner style.
Portrait of Louis XIV
561
This 1636 van Dyck painting
demonstrates the European Grand
Manner style.
Portrait of Charles I
562
This symbol of continuing hope
appears to emerge in the
background of the Lansdowne
Portrait.
rainbow
563
The first fine art academies in Italy
| arose to replace these institutions.
guilds
564
This institution formed in 1648 and
codified the curriculum and function
of academies.
French Royal Academy
565
Before the Academy, French
monarchs imported their artworks
from these two countries.
Italy, Flanders
566
Instruction at fine art academies first
focused on teaching this artistic
technique.
drawing from etchings
567
Instruction at fine art academies
finished with teaching this artistic
technique.
drawing from life
568
Fine art academies propagated this
| idea to rank artistic genres.
hierarchy of genres
569
This genre ranked highest in the
| Academic hierarchy of genres.
history painting
570
This genre ranked lowest in the
| Academic hierarchy of genres.
still life
571
This Academy prized this genre for
its complex figure drawing
requirements.
history painting
572
History painting subjects usually
| come from these two sources.
the Bible, classical
| mythology
573
History painting required artists to
exercise this skill to develop a scene
they had not witnessed.
imagination
574
These types of art students were not
| allowed to study from nude models.
women
575
Women admitted to academies often
had this kind of connection to an
existing member.
familial
576
Female academicians found
themselves guided towards these
two genres.
floral painting, portraiture
577
This person founded the Royal
| Academy in London.
Sir Joshua Reynolds
578
After Reynolds’s death, this person
became the president of the Royal
Academy.
Benjamin West
579
This painting introduced the idea of
history painting based on
contemporary events.
“The Death of General
| Wolfe”
580
The French Royal Academy
| dissolved after this historical event.
French Revolution
581
The American Academy of the Fine
| Arts originally had this name.
New York Academy of the
| Fine Arts
582
Trumbull was president of the
American Academy for this many
years.
twenty
583
This person painted conflict-defining
history paintings of the
Revolutionary War.
John Trumbull
584
The American Academy’s
conservativism led to dissatisfaction
among this group of people.
young painters
585
These three people founded the
National Academy of Design in
1825.
Morse, Durand, Cole
586
Indigenous Americans painted the
Segesser Hides under the influence
of this country.
Spain
587
Jesuit priest Segesser oversaw this
| mission from 1732 to 1735.
San Xavier del Bac
588
Segesser acquired three painted
hides in New Spain from this
prominent military family.
the Anzas
589
This museum acquired the Segesser
| hides in 1983.
New Mexico History Museum
590
The Segesser hides are most likely
| made of hide from this animal.
bison
591
This material binds the Segesser
| hides.
sinew
592
Segesser I shows a skirmish in the
| vicinity of these two cities.
El Paso, Ciudad Juarez
593
Segesser II measures this many feet
| in length.
seventeen
594
Segesser II depicts these two tribes
| defeating Spanish troops.
Skidi Pawnees, Otoes
595
This 1720 governor sent Spanish
forces into the Great Plains over
concern for French traders.
Antonio Valverde y Cosio
596
The Spanish troops in Segesser II
set up camp near the confluence of
these two rivers.
Loup, Platte
597
This number of Spaniards were
killed in the battle depicted in
Segesser II.
three dozen
598
This clothing item identifies the
| Spaniards in Segesser II.
wide-brimmed hats
599
The Pueblos in Segesser II wear
| their hair in this style.
buns
600
Frenchmen in Segesser II wore this
| kind of hat.
tricorne
601
The Pawnee and Otoe warriors in
Segesser II each wear this vivid,
individualized decoration.
body paint
602
This priest accompanied the
| expedition depicted in Segesser II.
Father Juan Mingez
603
This aspect of Segesser II implies
that it was based on first-hand
accounts of the battle.
amount of detail
604
Pueblo artists painted these
| decorated hides in workshops.
reposteros
605
The Indigenous artists of the
Segesser hides likely drew on
drawing conventions introduced by
these people.
Spaniards
606
Techniques like foreshortening and
overlapping figures in space
originate from this continent.
Europe
607
In both Segesser hides, this
| decorative element is the same.
border
608
West was born in this kind of
| religious community in 1738.
Quaker
609
West’s parents owned this kind of
establishment.
Inn
610
When he was seventeen, West
| entered this college.
College of Philadelphia
611
West was this age when he left the
| colonies to study art in Europe.
Twenty-one
612
This many Philadelphia families
financially backed West to study art
in Europe.
two
613
West traveled in this country before
| settling in London.
Italy
614
West was the official painter to this
figure throughout the American
Revolution.
King George III
615
West returned to the United States
this many times after leaving to
study in Europe.
zero
616
This painting is West’s best-known.
The Death of General Wolfe
617
The Death of General Wolfe
commemorates the general’s death
in this war.
French and Indian War
618
This institution exhibited The Death
| of General Wolfe in 1771.
Royal Academy
619
These two generals were killed in
| the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
Montcalm, Wolfe
620
This person purchased The Death of
| General Wolfe.
Lord Grosvenor
621
The Death of General Wolfe was
made into an engraving and was
even displayed on these mundane
objects.
ceramic mugs
622
West revolutionized history painting
by insisting subjects wear this kind
of clothing.
modern
623
General Wolfe was wounded this
| many times in battle.
three
624
West brought pathos to Wolfe’s
death with body positioning from this
Biblical subject.
lamentation
625
The “lamentation” refers to scenes of
| this person’s mourning.
Jesus
626
West transforms Wolfe into this kind
| of figure for the British cause.
martyr
627
The Death of General Wolfe
attempted to remind the British and
colonists that they used to be united
against this group.
the French
628
West created this painting of Native
Americans the same year as The
Death of General Wolfe.
Penn’s Treaty with the
| Indians
629
West intended Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians to commemorate this
person’s arrival in Pennsylvania.
Penn
630
Penn sought the freedom to practice
| this religion.
Quakerism
631
This equality-focused Quaker tenet
attracted negative attention in
England.
egalitarianism
632
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
| depicts this tribe’s chiefs.
Lenni Lenape
633
The meeting in Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians occurs under an ancient
tree of this species.
elm
634
The site of the meeting in Penn’s
Treaty with the Indians is known by
this name.
Shackamaxon
635
This treaty marked the first time
colonists paid Native Americans for
land granted by the British.
Treaty of Shackamaxon
636
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians
promoted the idea that Penn
maintained this kind of relation with
local Indigenous people.
peaceful
637
This person eroded harmony
between the Delaware tribes and
settlers by 1737.
Penn’s son
638
This aspect of Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians emphasizes balance and
equal exchange.
horizontality
639
West embedded these kinds of
tropes in Penn’s Treaty with the
Indians.
racist
640
Penn’s Treaty with the Indians can
be structurally divided into this many
parts.
three
641
The main action takes place in this
part of Penn’s Treaty with the
Indians
middle ground
642
The three vertical sections in Penn’s
Treaty with the Indians call to mind
these types of Renaissance artworks.
triptychs
643
The division in Penn’s Treaty with
the Indians emphasizes the
competition of these three factions.
merchants, Quakers, Native
| Americans
644
West claimed that Native Americans
| showed him this painting technique.
pigment mixing
645
West’s portrayal of Native
Americans embodies this
generalizing trope.
“noble savage”
646
This philosopher and writer
popularized the “noble savage”
trope.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
647
These artworks shaped public
opinion about the revolutionary
cause.
cheap prints
648
These three popular art forms could
circulate ideas quickly in urban
areas.
prints, cartoons, broadsides
649
Artists used this cutting tool to create
| engravings.
burin
650
Print artists would combine humor
with these two elements to make
their points.
words, images
651
Prints helped make this
demographic more aware of political
debates and controversies.
general populace
652
In colonial America, these goods
were easily available on the street
and from bookstores.
prints
653
People could buy prints with this
| kind of recurring payment method.
subscription
654
This person was the original source
| of The Boston Massacre print.
Henry Pelham
655
At the Boston Massacre, the crowd
threw these two projectiles at the
soldiers.
snowballs, rocks
656
This dockworker of African and
Native American descent died in the
Boston Massacre.
Crispus Attucks
657
Historians believe Attucks may have
been an escaped slave from this
city.
Framingham, Massachusetts
658
The Boston Massacre print
appeared this many weeks after the
incident.
three
659
The issuing of The Boston Massacre
print helped foment this feeling
towards the British.
anger
660
The redcoats in The Boston
Massacre stand in front of this
building.
Customs House
661
This sign is present in The Boston
Massacre print, even though it did
not exist in real life.
Butcher’s Hall
662
The redcoats in The Boston
Massacre stand with this leg
extended forward.
left
663
The redcoats in The Boston
| Massacre hold this weapon.
musket
664
The woman in the crowd in The
Boston Massacre calls to mind this
mourning figure.
Virgin Mary
665
The Old State House had this name
| at the time of the Boston Massacre.
Towne House
666
The steeple of this building can be
| seen in The Boston Massacre.
First Church
667
This person created a print of the
Boston Massacre that was copied
from a Pelham design.
Paul Revere
668
Copley, who painted Pelham in
| 1765, was related to him in this way.
stepbrother
669
Pelham was this age when the
| Boston Massacre took place.
twenty-two
670
Pelham lived on this street, blocks
away from the location of the Boston
Massacre.
Congress Street
671
Revere captioned The Boston
Massacre with this many lines of
verse.
eighteen
672
Pelham responded to Revere’s
copying of his design with this kind
of correspondence.
angry letter
673
England established these kinds of
laws to protect publishers around
1735.
copyright
674
Leutze was born in this country in
| 1816.
Germany
675
Leutze’s parents were political
refugees who immigrated when he
was this age.
nine
676
Leutze initially found work in this
| profession.
itinerant portraitist
677
Leutze pursued formal art training in
| this city in 1840.
Dusseldorf
678
Leutze studied history painting in
| Dusseldorf with these two people.
Schadow, Lessing
679
In the early 1840s, these two cities
replaced London as the major draw
for American artists.
Rome, Florence
680
This institution, led by Hunt,
attracted painters internationally in
the 1850s.
Dusseldorf Academy
681
Characteristics of this artistic
approach included attention to
drafting, dynamic compositions, and
dramatic lighting.
Dusseldorf style
682
Leutze supported this 1848 German
| event.
uprising
683
Leutze returned to the United States
| from Germany in this year.
1851
684
This painting is Leutze’s most
| famous work.
Washington Crossing the
| Delaware
685
After 1851, Leutze moved between
| these three cities.
Dusseldorf, New York,
| Washington
686
Leutze’s Westward the Course of
Empire Takes Its Way is this kind of
artwork.
mural
687
Westward the Course of Empire
Takes Its Way hangs in this stairwell
of the House wing in the Capitol.
west
688
Leutze died in 1868 in this city.
Washington DC
689
Washington Crossing the Delaware
| commemorates this event.
fiftieth anniversary of
| Washington’s death
690
Washington Crossing the Delaware
depicts the colonist victory against
these mercenary soldiers.
Hessian
691
Washington Crossing the Delaware
creates a visual equivalency
between these two objects.
Washington, the flag
692
This artist was one of the most
prominent Black artists of the early
twentieth century.
Jacob Lawrence
693
Lawrence painted with this medium
| on hardboard.
egg tempera
694
Lawrence’s series Struggle… From
the History of the American People
contains this many pictures.
thirty
695
Lawrence’s version of Washington
Crossing the Delaware has this
many rowboats.
three
696
Lawrence’s version of Washington
Crossing the Delaware emphasizes
this kind of effort.
collective
697
This artist painted his own version of
Washington Crossing the Delaware
in 1975.
Robert Colescott
698
In Colescott’s version of Washington
Crossing the Delaware, this person
leads the group.
George Washington Carver
699
This Japanese American artist
painted his own version of
Washington Crossing the Delaware
in 2010.
Roger Shimomura
700
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
| has this many canvas panels.
three
701
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
| is painted in this medium.
acrylic
702
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
depicts these people instead of
colonial soldiers.
samurai warriors
703
Shimomura’s flattened pictorial
| composition recalls this earlier artist.
Hokusai
704
Hokusai was a Japanese artist from
| this period.
Edo
705
Shimomura Crossing the Delaware
| depicts this location.
San Francisco Harbor
706
This land mass appears in the
background of Shimomura Crossing
the Delaware.
Angel Island
707
Angel Island processed thousands
of immigrants arriving from this
continent.
Asia
708
Shimomura was detained in this
United States state at an internment
camp during World War II.
Idaho
709
Colonial women excluded from
formal artistic training expressed
complex narratives through these
two art forms.
sewing, needlepoint
710
Colonial women often developed
| basic sewing skills by this age.
four or five
711
Wills often mentioned these female-
| created artworks.
quilts
712
Piecework (or patchwork) often
| takes this kind of pattern.
geometric
713
In the early nineteenth century, New
England factories were
manufacturing this kind of cloth.
roller-printed
714
This type of cotton is printed with
| small repeating patterns.
calico
715
One person makes this kind of quilt
| in honor of a special event.
presentation
716
A group of people make this kind of
quilt, with each member contributing
a square.
album
717
This popular quilting motif came
| from patterns found on palampores.
tree of life
718
Stiles’s Trade and Commerce Quilt
| shows this riverfront.
Delaware
719
In the 1980s, this artist created a
| genre called “story quilts.”
Faith Ringgold
720
This Alabama community brought
renewed attention to Black quilting
traditions in 2002.
Gee’s Bend
721
This museum first exhibited the
| Gee’s Bend quilts.
Museum of Fine Arts in
| Houston
722
Powers was born in this state in
| 1837.
Georgia
723
Harriet and Armstead Powers had at
| least this many children.
nine
724
Powers’ gravestone bears this date
| as her death date.
January 1, 1910
725
Powers created these two story
| quilts.
Pictorial Quilt, Bible Quilt
726
Bible Quilt appeared at this event in
| Athens, Georgia.
1886 Cotton Fair
727
This 1780 event occurred when
smoke from forest fires darkened the
skies.
Black Friday
728
A panel in Pictorial Quilt tells the
story of this animal running five
hundred miles from Georgia to
Virginia.
hog
729
Bible Quilt has this many panels.
eleven
730
These people gave Pictorial Quilt to
| Dr. Hall upon his retirement.
faculty ladies of Atlanta
| University
731
Powers’s quilts recall the textiles of
| this Western African kingdom.
Fon kingdom of Dahomey
732
Archaeological excavations at these
two locations inspired
Neoclassicism.
Herculaneum, Pompeii
733
Neoclassicism revived these three
| ideals of Greco-Roman art.
balance, symmetry, harmony
734
Neoclassicism visually expressed
this movement’s emphasis on
rationality.
Enlightenment
735
Jefferson spent his free time on this
| amateur hobby.
architecture
736
Jefferson designed this building
while he was a minister to the
French court in Paris.
Virginia State Capitol
737
This Charlottesville building was one
| of Jefferson’s architectural projects.
University of Virginia
738
Jefferson embraced the buildings of
this earlier society as an
architectural ideal.
Roman Republic
739
This French architect advocated
Neoclassicism and influenced
Jefferson.
Charles-Louis Clérisseau
740
This Italian word means “little
| mountain.”
Monticello
741
Jefferson inherited this many acres
| of land from his father.
5,000
742
This style influenced Monticello’s
| initial design.
Palladian
743
This Italian Renaissance architect
published several landmark
treatises.
Andrea Palladio
744
The Palladian style relies heavily on
| this artistic element.
symmetry
745
Jefferson placed Monticello on top of
a hill in order to gain a view of this
environmental feature.
Blue Ridge Mountains
746
At the start of the second stage of
construction on Monticello, Jefferson
held this governmental office.
vice president
747
Jefferson changed the proportions of
this part of Monticello so that the two
stories appeared as one.
main pavilion
748
When Jefferson altered the main
pavilion of Monticello, he added this
kind of entablature across the
house.
Doric
749
This scholar claims that Jefferson’s
design for Monticello projects an
unassuming narrative about himself.
Dell Upton
750
One typical characteristic of
Jefferson’s architecture is the use of
this shape.
octagon
751
Monticello is made of these local
| materials.
brick and wood
752
More than this many enslaved
| people worked at Monticello.
80
753
Thomas Jefferson owned this many
| enslaved people in his lifetime.
more than 600
754
Isaac Granger held these three
| occupations.
nail maker, tinsmith, and
| blacksmith
755
Thomas Jefferson served food and
drinks to enslaved workers using this
unobtrusive invention.
dumb waiter
756
Thomas Jefferson forbade the use of
his image in this way to distinguish
his rule from this British monarchy.
on coins
757
Along with being a politician,
Thomas Jefferson held these three
occupations.
scientist, farmer and
| architect
758
This act designated the District of
Columbia as the site of the United
States Capitol in 1790.
The Residence Act
759
Congress hired this French engineer
| to plan the District of Columbia.
Pierre L’Enfant
760
Thomas Jefferson's capitol design
competition gave this award to the
winner.
$500
761
This man won Thomas Jefferson's
| Capitol design competition.
Dr. William Thornton
762
Dr. William Thornton held these two
| occupations.
Physician and amateur
| architect
763
President Washington praised these
| three characteristics of the Capitol.
grandeur, simplicity, and
| convenience
764
President Jefferson later hired this
architect to oversee the ongoing
construction of the Capitol.
Benjamin Henry Latrobe
765
Benjamin Latrobe studied
architecture and engineering with
these two people.
Samuel Pepys Cockerell and
| John Smeaton
766
These buildings were the three
| former projects of Benjamin Latrobe.
St. John’s Church, D. C’s
Lafayette Square, and the
Bank of Pennsylvania
767
Benjamin Latrobe made these two
| additions to the Capitol.
grand staircase and
| Corinthian colonnade
768
Lack of funding paused the
construction of the Capitol in this
year.
1811
769
Benjamin Latrobe left the Capitol
project but returned to restore the
building after this war.
War of 1812
770
Benjamin Latrobe designed these
| three interior spaces at the Capitol.
National Statuary Hall, Old
Senate Chamber, and the
Old Supreme Court Chamber
771
The domed, top-lit halls in the
Capitol resemble this temple in
Rome
Pantheon
772
These types of spaces usually evoke
| the heavens and enlightenment.
expansive spaces
773
This architect replaced Benjamin
Latrobe in the Capitol project in
1818.
Charles Bulfinch
774
This man was the first official
architect of the Capitol to be born in
the United States.
Charles Bulfinch
775
Charles Bulfinch is best known for
| the design of this building.
Massachusetts Statehouse
776
In 2012, the Capitol installed this
object to acknowledge the
contributions of enslaved workers.
a sandstone marker
777
The British troops who burned the
Capitol were under the command of
these two officers.
Vice Admiral Sir Alexander
Cockburn and Major General
Robert Ross
778
American troops burned this
| country's capital in 1813.
Canada
779
The British set fire to these three
locations during their attack on
Washington.
The Capitol, the White
| House, and the Navy Yard.
780
Benjamin Latrobe used these five
fireproof materials, which managed
to survive the Capitol fire.
iron, marble, sandstone,
| zinc, and copper
781
Congress members advocated
moving the federal government to
this established city after the Capitol
fire.
Philadelphia
782
On the Capitol columns, Benjamin
Latrobe replaced traditional
acanthus leaves with these two
American agricultural staples.
corncobs and tobacco leaves
783
The four sandstone relief panels
above the rotunda in the Capitol
mythologize this relationship.
the relationship between the
settler colonialists and the
native North Americans
784
The four sandstone relief panels
above the rotunda in the Capitol
feature these three artists.
Antonio Capellano, Nicholas
| Gevelot and Enrico Causici
785
These architectural details of the
Capitol symbolize the unity and
consensus of the nation.
the geometric, symmetrical,
| and harmonious architecture.
786
Liberty caps are traditionally
| associated with these people.
freed Roman slaves
787
This headgear replaced the liberty
cap on the Statue of Freedom atop
the Capitol dome.
a feathered Native American
| headdress
788
This architect designed the Statue of
Freedom sitting atop the Capitol
dome.
Thomas Crawford
789
This Senator and future president of
the Confederacy objected to the
liberty cap on the Statue of
Freedom.
Jefferson Davis
790
Thomas Crawford cast the model of
| the Statue of Freedom in this alloy.
bronze
791
Enslaved laborer Phillip Reid
devised this invention to
disassemble the Statue of Freedom.
a pulley system
792
Thomas Crawford’s Statue of
Freedom arrived from Italy in this
many pieces.
five
793
Phillip Reid’s emancipation
| coincided with this event.
the installation of the Statue
| of Freedom
794
Horatio Greenough created a chalk
| statue of this man at twelve.
William Penn, the Quaker
| founder of Pennsylvania
795
This man taught Horatio Greenough
| to carve marble.
Alpheus Cray
796
This man taught Horatio Greenough
| to model with clay.
Solomon Willard
797
Before enrolling at Harvard
University, Horatio Greenough
studied at this academy.
Phillips Academy in Andover,
| Massachusetts
798
While at Harvard, Horatio
Greenough met this mentor who
encouraged his interest in classical
sculpture.
Washington Allston
799
Horatio Greenough was the first
American sculptor to live and train in
this city.
Florence, Italy
800
This Danish sculptor mentored
| Horatio Greenough in Rome.
Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen
801
Horatio Greenough wrote this book
based on his experiences in
Florence.
The Travels, Observations
and Experiences of a
Yankee Stonecutter
802
Horatio Greenough’s writings on
architecture drew from this
architectural principle.
functionalism
803
Horatio Greenough died of a fever at
| this age in 1852.
forty-seven
804
Horatio Greenough created a
sculpture of this person in 1832 after
being given the first major federal
government art commission.
George Washington
805
Horatio Greenough's first
government art commission
awarded him this amount of money.
$20,000
806
Horatio Greenough based
Washington’s pose on his sculpture
of this ancient Greek statue by the
sculptor Phidias.
statue of Zeus at Olympia
807
Horatio Greenough fully embraced
this architectural style in his
sculpture of George Washington
neoclassical style
808
This 1806 portrait by French painter
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
employed the same frontal pose as
the Greek statue of Zeus at Olympia.
Napoleon on his Imperial
| Throne
809
The statue of Zeus at Olympia was
| this many feet tall.
forty-one feet tall
810
The statue of Zeus at Olympia and
the temple that housed it were both
destroyed by this year.
425 CE
811
Horatio Greenough derived
Washington’s sculpture’s head from
this French artist’s portrait of
Washington.
Jean-Antoine Houdon’s
812
In Jean-Antoine Houdon’s portrait of
Washington, these two details show
the blend of Neoclassicism and
realism.
personalized facial features
and contemporary civilian
dress
813
In his portrait, Jean-Antoine Houdon
represented Washington in this
profession.
a gentleman farmer
814
These two words describe
Washington’s expression in Horatio
Greenough’s sculpture.
stern and foreboding
815
Relief sculptures on the sides of
Horatio Greenough’s Washington
sculpture depict these two Greek
figures.
infant Hercules and Apollo,
| the Greek Sun god
816
```
According to the Latin inscription on
the back of Horatio Greenough’s
Washington sculpture, Greenough
made the sculpture as an example
of this right.
```
freedom
817
The base of the chair back in Horatio
Greenough’s Washington sculpture
represents these two figures.
a Native American and
| Christopher Columbus
818
This location first hosted Horatio
Greenough’s eleven-foot-tall
Washington sculpture in 1841.
the rotunda of the Capitol
819
This museum currently holds Horatio
Greenough’s George Washington
sculpture.
the National American
History Museum in
Washington, D.C.
820
Horatio Greenough blamed the poor
reception of his Washington
sculpture on these two external
factors.
poor lighting and an unstable
| pedestal
821
This art institute installed a
gravestone with a portrait and a
quote at Robert Duncanson’s
unmarked grave.
Detroit Institute of Arts
822
Horatio Greenough’s Washington
| sculpture weighed this many tons.
twelve
823
Mary Edmonia Lewis was born on
| this date.
July 4th, 1844
824
Edmonia Lewis’s mother, Catherine
Lewis, is of this Native American
descent.
Ojibwa (Chippewa)
825
Edmonia Lewis had this Chippewa
| name.
Wildfire
826
Both of Edmonia Lewis’s parents
| died when Edmonia was this age.
nine
827
Edmonia Lewis’s older brother left
for California following this historic
event.
the Gold Rush
828
Edmonia and her family sold these
| types of crafts to tourists.
Native American crafts
829
Edmonia Lewis was cleared of this
| first crime in 1862.
poisoning the wine of two
| classmates with “Spanish fly”
830
Oberlin College was the first college
in the United States to admit these
three demographics.
African Americans, Native
| Americans, and women
831
Edmonia Lewis could not graduate
despite being cleared of this second
crime.
theft
832
These two abolitionists helped
Edmonia Lewis to become a
sculptor.
William Lloyd Garrison and
| Lydia Maria Child
833
Edmonia Lewis studied with this
sculptor, who also helped set up her
own studio.
Edward Brackett
834
Edmonia Lewis achieved financial
success after selling her portrait of
these two abolitionists.
John Brown and Colonel
| Robert Gould Shaw
835
Edmonia Lewis traveled to these
three European cities before settling
in Rome.
London, Paris, and Florence
836
This sculptor welcomed Edmonia
Lewis into a community of American
women sculptors in Rome.
Harriet Hosmer
837
Harriet Hosmer unofficially led a
group that included these three
female sculptors.
Emma Stebbins, Louisa
| Lander, and Vinnie Ream
838
Many people in the nineteenth
century thought this aspect of
sculpting too “masculine” for women.
physicality
839
The cult of true womanhood in the
United States emphasized these
four traits above all other qualities.
domesticity, piety, purity, and
| submissiveness
840
Edmonia Lewis did not want to find a
reminder of this human variation in
social situations.
color
841
Plentiful sculpture, marble,
assistants, and wealthy clients made
this European country a popular
location for sculptors.
Rome
842
This is Edmonia Lewis’s first major
work, finished the year after she first
arrived in Rome.
Forever Free
843
Edmonia Lewis’s Forever Free has
| this original title.
The Morning of Liberty
844
The words “forever free” inscribed
on the base of Edmonia Lewis’s
Forever Free sculpture allude to this
executive order.
Emancipation Proclamation
845
The classical pose of the bare-
chested man in Edmonia Lewis’s
Forever Free has this name.
contrapposto
846
This detail in Edmonia Lewis’s
Forever Free implies that the
subjects have not fully attained
freedom.
an intact manacle on one of
| their arms
847
Critics of Edmonia Lewis’s Forever
Free argue that the man and woman
in the sculpture reinforce these
stereotypes.
male aggression and female
| passivity
848
This feature of the Edmonia Lewis’s
sculpture Forever Free could allude
to sexual assault.
lack of distinctly African
| features
849
Edmonia Lewis embraced this
| architectural style.
Neoclassicism
850
Edmonia Lewis's 1872 work Old
Arrow Maker is based on this
Longfellow poem.
The Song of Hiawatha
851
Hiawatha was from this Native
| American group.
Ojibwa
852
Edmonia Lewis’s Old Arrow Maker
| counters this myth.
“vanishing Indian” myth
853
Edmonia Lewis’s Old Arrow Maker
espouses these two values, which
appealed to middle-class audiences.
values of hard work and
| family
854
These types of sculptures use
nature as both material and subject
matter.
totem poles
855
These peoples carved totem poles in
| Alaska in the nineteenth century.
Haida and Tlingit people
856
British artist and mapmaker John
White accompanied expeditions to
this location.
Roanoke Island, North
| Carolina
857
John White’s watercolors focused on
this aspect of marine life and
agriculture.
the abundance of natural
| resources
858
This artistic movement flourished in
Europe and North America in the
nineteenth century.
Romanticism
859
```
American artists celebrated the
country’s identity and freedom from
tradition by focusing on these two
natural aspects of their nation in
their art.
```
the wilderness and dramatic
| landscapes
860
This man popularized the genre of
landscape painting in the United
States.
Thomas Cole
861
Thomas Cole’s Oxbow depicts this
| landscape.
The Connecticut River near
| Northampton
862
Thomas Cole’s followers adopted
| this name.
the Hudson River School
863
These two artists painted sublime
depictions of the western United
States that encouraged settlement
and westward expansion.
Albert Bierstadt and Alfred
| Jacob Miller
864
This painter documented natural
wonders for eastern audiences and
inspired the modern conservation
movement.
Thomas Moran
865
This painter's 1871 landscapes
persuaded Congress to establish
Yellowstone as a national park.
Thomas Moran
866
The ancestral Pueblo people
inhabited the Four Corners region
during these centuries.
ninth and twelfth centuries
867
These four states meet in the Four
| Corners.
southeastern Utah,
northeastern Arizona,
northwest New Mexico, and
southwestern Colorado.
868
The name “Pueblo” refers to this
| community.
the region’s Indigenous
people and their stone or
adobe dwellings
869
This is the ancient culture that lived
| at the Four Corners.
the Anasazi
870
The word “Anasazi” comes from
| Navajo and translates to this.
“enemy ancestors”
871
The ancestral Pueblo developed
farming communities sometime
between these Common Era years.
700 and 1000 CE
872
This term describes Pueblo Bonito’s
massive, multi-story stone buildings
constructed directly from the natural
landscape.
great houses
873
Pueblo Bonito was one of nine great
houses in this area in present-day
New Mexico.
Chaco Canyon
874
The Spanish name “Pueblo Bonito”
| translates to this English phrase.
“pretty village”
875
This expedition first recorded the
| name “Pueblo Bonito.”
Washington Expedition of
| 1849
876
The name “Pueblo Bonito” may have
come from this expedition leader's
Mexican guide.
.
Lieutenant James Simpson’s
Mexican guide, Carabajal
877
The Navajo name for Pueblo Bonito,
“tse biyaa anii’ahi,” translates to this
English phrase.
“leaning rock gap”
878
A slab of sandstone crushed part of
| Pueblo Bonito in this year.
1941
879
Pueblo Bonito held temporary clan
| gatherings for these three events.
religious ceremonies,
trading. and knowledge
sharing.
880
The oldest sections of Pueblo Bonito
| consist of these types of stones.
rough stones staked to the
| ground
881
Between 1903 and 1904, Governor
Brady personally visited Tlingit and
Haida coastal villages in the vicinity
of this Southeast Alaskan island.
Prince of Wales Island
882
The expansive structure of Pueblo
Bonito formed a semi-circle with
somewhere between this many
rooms.
600 to 800 rooms
883
Although only the outlines of the first
floor of Pueblo Bonito are visible,
some sections were this many
stories high.
four stories
884
In Pueblo Bonito, these circular,
below-ground rooms hosted
ceremonies political gatherings.
kivas
885
Pueblo Bonito contained three large
| kivas and this many smaller kivas.
thirty-two
886
Rock carvings also have this name.
petroglyphs
887
Many buildings in Pueblo Bonito
| align with these astronomical events.
solstices
888
Pueblo Bonito has this distinct door
| design.
T-shaped doors
889
A network of wide, straight roads
connects more than this many great
houses in the larger region of Pueblo
Bonito.
150
890
The trees used for the roofs of the
buildings in Pueblo Bonito are native
to these two locations.
San Mateo and Chuska
| Mountains
891
Building a great house requires
| about this many trees.
240,000
892
The native trees used to construct
the roofs of buildings in Pueblo
Bonito came from more than this
many miles away.
fifty miles
893
Structures of this material kept
people cool during the summer and
insulated inhabitants in the winter.
stone
894
Archaeologists have uncovered this
| many artifacts in Pueblo Bonito.
15,000
895
Pueblo Bonito held remains of this
bird, native to a region a thousand
miles south of Mexico.
scarlet macaw
896
Traces of this Mexican plant suggest
trade networks between
Mesoamerican and Southwestern
communities.
cacao
897
Pueblo Bonito traded this gemstone
| for other items.
turquoise
898
This far south peninsula contained
turquoise from the region of Pueblo
Bonito.
Yucatan peninsula
899
As Chaco Canyon receded from
prominence, this area took on
greater significance.
Mesa Verde, Colorado
900
Around 1150 CE, people from
Pueblo Bonito moved from the valley
floor into these easier to defend
natural features.
side of cliffs
901
Summer rain fell regularly and
plentifully between these two
centuries in Pueblo Bonito.
tenth and twelfth centuries
902
Puebloans and these two tribes view
| Pueblo Bonito as sacred land.
Zuni and Hopi
903
President Theodore Roosevelt
passed this act establishing Chaco
as a national monument.
Antiquities Act of 1906
904
Charles Willson Peale originally
studied to become this occupation in
Annapolis, Maryland.
saddler
905
Charles Willson Peale met this artist
| in Boston in 1765.
John Singleton Copley
906
Peale convinced several lawyers
and merchants to fund a trip for him
to study painting in London with this
artist in 1767.
Benjamin West
907
After studying abroad for two years,
Charles Willson Peale established
himself as a portrait painter in this
region.
Mid-Atlantic region
908
Peale moved to this city in 1776.
Philadelphia
909
In 1779, Peale painted a full-length
portrait of this man on the battlefield
as a commission.
George Washington
910
Charles Willson Peale coordinated
the first group exhibition of American
art and artists in the United States in
this year.
1795
911
Charles Willson Peale promoted this
subject as art.
science
912
Charles Willson Peale opened the
first natural history museum in
America in this year.
1786
913
Charles Willson Peale’s collection
included more than ninety mammals,
seven hundred birds, and this many
insects.
four thousand
914
Charles Willson Peale's national
museum integrated into this
museum in 1822.
Philadelphia Museum
915
These two national museums
opened in 1759 and 1793,
respectively.
British Museum and the
| Louvre
916
Charles Willson Peale viewed art
and this ideology as profoundly
connected.
nationalism
917
Charles Willson Peale stayed in the
United States despite these two
artists moving to England
permanently.
John Singleton Copley and
| Benjamin West
918
Charles Willson Peale named
several of his many children after
these four famous artists.
Angelica Kauffman,
Rembrandt, Titian and
Raphael
919
Charles Wilson Peale devoted
| himself to this political party.
Whig
920
Charles Wilson Peale attempted to
establish a first American fine arts
academy by this name.
Columbianum
921
```
Charles Willson Peale led an
expedition in New York’s Hudson
Valley to exhume this animal's
skeleton that he eventually displayed
in his museum.
```
mastodon
922
With this name, Peale’s self-portrait
shows Peale’s shared passion for art
and science.
The Artist in His Museum
923
Charles Willson Peale died in this
| city in 1827.
Philadelphia
924
Charles Willson Peale purchased
the fossils and secured the rights to
excavate the mastodon for this much
money.
three hundred dollars
925
A farmer from this city discovered
mastodon fossils on his property in
1798.
Newburgh, New York
926
Charles Willson Peale excavated the
mastodon in August 1801 with this
many workers.
Thirty-five
927
These are the dimensions of Charles
Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the
Mastodon.
Four by five-foot
928
Despite only having a team of thirty-
five workers, Charles Willson
Peale’s Exhumation of the Mastodon
includes this many people.
seventy
929
Only Peale’s son Rembrandt was on
the mastodon site, yet the painting
includes most of his children and
these two women.
Peale’s second and third
| wives
930
The dark storm clouds in Charles
Willson Peale’s Exhumation of the
Mastodon could refer to these
experiments.
Benjamin Franklin’s
| electricity experiments
931
Charles Willson Peale holds this
item with the help of his family in
The Exhumation of the Mastodon.
oversized drawing of a
| mastodon bone
932
The wooden scaffold at the center of
the Exhumation of the Mastodon
painting forms a pyramid that draws
the eye to this feature.
the water pit at the base of the scaffold
933
The verticality of the pulley in the
Exhumation of the Mastodon
painting leads the eye upwards into
this region.
the sky
934
```
The wooden scaffold and the
verticality of the pulley in Peale’s
Exhumation of the Mastodon imply
that the excavation is this type of
journey.
```
a journey from darkness to
| enlightenment
935
This location hosted the first
mastodon skeleton assembled for
display.
Madrid, Spain
936
Charles Willson Peale tasked this
man with creating substitutes for the
missing mastodon bones.
Rembrandt Peale
937
Rembrandt Peale, William Rush,
and Moses Williams created
substitute bones for the mastodon
from these two materials.
carved wood and papier-
| mâche
938
This prominent French scientist
claimed that North American animals
were inferior versions of European
animals.
Georges-Louis Leclerc
939
In 1785, this man refuted Georges-
Louis Leclerc’s claims of North
American animals being inferior to
European animals.
Thomas Jefferson
940
Robert Seldon Duncanson was born
around this year in Fayette, New
York.
1821
941
Both Robert Duncanson’s father and
grandfather were free tradesmen
who worked in these two
occupations.
house painters and
| carpenters
942
This man was the first African
American to attain international
acclaim as an artist.
Robert Seldon Duncanson
943
Robert Duncanson launched his
career by advertising these two
services in a local newspaper in
Monroe, Michigan.
housepainter and glazier
944
Robert Duncanson taught himself to
| draw with these two methods.
copying prints and painting
| portraits
945
Robert Duncanson moved to this city
| to pursue a career as a fine artist.
Cincinnati, Ohio
946
Robert Duncanson’s art improved
during the 1840s as he traveled as
an itinerant artist between these
three locations.
Cincinnati, Detroit, and
| Monroe
947
Robert Duncanson, T. Worthington
Whittredge, and William Sonntag
defined this art style.
Ohio River Valley style
948
```
This character from Harriet Beecher
Stowe’s 1852 novel, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin, crossed the icy Ohio River
with her infant daughter in search of
freedom.
```
Eliza
949
Nicholas Longworth commissioned
Robert Duncanson to paint a series
of murals in this location.
Nicholas Longworth’s home,
| the Belmont Mansion
950
```
After returning from a European tour
in 1853, Robert Duncanson gained a
new interest in the painterly
landscapes and atmospheric effects
of these two artists.
```
Claude Lorrain and J.M.W.
| Turner
951
```
These two men painted the
panoramic abolitionist painting
Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the
United States Comprising Views of
the African Slave Trade.
```
Robert Duncanson and
| James Presley Ball
952
Robert Duncanson colored
photographic prints and retouched
portraits in this studio.
Ball’s studio
953
Racial strife and turmoil of the Civil
war caused Robert Duncanson to
flee to this city and country.
Montreal, Canad
954
This photographer emigrated to
| Liberia in search of equal rights.
Augustus Washington
955
Robert Duncanson left Montreal for
| these two countries in 1865.
England and Scotland
956
Soon after returning to the United
States, Robert Duncanson started
suffering from this condition.
dementia
957
This magazine described Robert
Duncanson’s work as “delicious” and
called him a master.
London Art Journal
958
Exposure to house paint may have
led to Robert Duncanson’s dementia
via this cause.
lead poisoning
959
This museum devoted an exhibition
| to Robert Duncanson in 1972.
Cincinnati Art Museum
960
These two structures fill the
Cincinnati skyline in Robert
Duncanson's View of Cincinnati,
Ohio from Covington, Kentucky.
factory buildings and smokestacks
961
```
Robert Duncanson based View of
Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington,
Kentucky on an engraving of a
daguerreotype that appeared in this
magazine in June 1848.
```
Graham’s Magazine
962
Robert Duncanson changed this
detail on the figures of View of
Cincinnati, Ohio from Covington,
Kentucky.
```
their race (from white to
black)
```
963
This river separated slave-state
Kentucky from the more
industrialized and abolitionist Ohio.
Ohio River
964
Enslaved people would attempt to
flee Kentucky in this way during the
winter.
crossing the Ohio River on
| foot
965
The rivers in Robert Duncanson's
landscapes correlate with these two
concepts
freedom and escape
966
Harriet Beecher Stowe featured the
Ohio River prominently in this 1852
novel.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
967
This Robert Duncanson painting
features characters from Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s book, Uncle Tom’s
Cabin.
Uncle Tom and Little Eva
968
This style is a second-generation
| school of landscape painting.
Ohio River Valley style
969
These three artists embarked on
several sketching tours searching for
inspiring views.
Robert Duncanson, T.
Worthington, and William
Sonntag
970
This artist influenced the large
expanses of sky in Robert
Duncanson’s 1850s paintings.
Claude Lorrain
971
Robert Duncanson created his own
style of the Ohio River Valley
landscape with literary allusions to
these three writers.
Henry Longfellow, Lord
Alfred Tennyson, and Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
972
While leaving Canada for Britain in
1865, Robert Duncanson stopped
here to exhibit his work.
Dublin, Ireland
973
These three aristocrats and royals
| received Robert Duncanson.
Duchess of Sutherland,
Marquis of Westminster, and
the Duchess of Argyll
974
The King of Sweden purchased this
| painting by Robert Duncanson
The Land of the Lotus Eaters
975
Totem poles require these types of
trees.
red cedar trees
976
Most totem poles have this height
range.
nine to fifty-nine feet tall
977
These three Indigenous tribes use
similar graphic design elements in
their wood carvings.
the Tlingit, Haida, and
| Tsimshian people
978
Common motifs on totem poles
| include these art elements.
formlines
979
This United States President
designated Stika National Historical
Park as a park in 1890.
Benjamin Harrison
980
This area is the home of the Tlingit
people.
Southeastern panhandle of
| Alaska
981
This incident caused the Tlingit to
withdraw from their near victory
against the Russians in the Battle of
Sitka in 1804.
their gunpowder reserves
| exploding
982
The United States bought Alaska
from Russia for 7.2 million dollars,
approximately this much money per
acre.
two cents
983
```
This governor of Alaska assembled
a collection of totem poles for the
Alaskan display in the Louisiana
Purchase Exhibition, or World's Fair,
held in St. Louis in 1904.
```
John G. Brady
984
The original Gaanax.ádi/Raven
Crest Pole was one of this many
Tlingit and Haida totem poles sent to
St. Louis.
15
985
The two totem poles that John G.
Brady sold ended up in these two
museums.
Milwaukee Public Museum
and Eiteljorg Museum of
American Indians and
Western Art in Indianapolis
986
After the St. Louis fair closed, the
Alaskan totem poles traveled to this
exposition in 1905.
Lewis and Clark Centennial
| Exposition in Portland
987
This practice remains controversial
within Tlingit and Haida
communities.
restoring and repairing totem
| poles
988
John G. Brady and this
photographer selected the locations
of the totem poles in the Sitka
National Park.
Elbridge W. Merrill
989
This Tuxekan chief donated the
original Raven Crest Pole to
Governor John G. Brady and the
Alaskan government in 1903.
Chief Gunyah
990
This United States president created
the Civilian Conservation Corps, or
CCC, work program in his New Deal.
President Franklin Roosevelt
991
This many people visited the
Alaskan exhibition at the St. Louis
World’s fair.
between 18 million and 19
| million people
992
The CCC employed this master
carver to train younger CCC recruits
in traditional carving practices.
Lkeináa (George Benson)
993
The Civilian Conservation Corps
employed nearly this many young
Native people.
200
994
Sitka National Park collected this
many totem poles from uninhabited
villages.
100
995
These two artists carved the 1983
reproduction of the Raven Crest
Pole.
Nathan Jackson and Steve
| Brown
996
The Raven, or totem animal, refers
to this type of group in Raven Crest
Pole.
the moiety or social group
997
The Tlingit and Haida people belong
| to either one of these two moieties.
Raven or Eagle
998
A whale is present in this area of the
Raven Crest Pole.
near the center
999
The whale on the Raven Crest Pole
may refer to this tale.
the legend of the raven and
| the whale
1000
In the legend of the raven and the
whale, the raven is this kind of
figure.
a trickster figure/transformer
