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British Experience of Warfare (synoptic) > Army reform > Flashcards

Army reform Flashcards

1
Q

what was the McNeill-Tulloch Report in response to?

A

the major failures suffered by the BA in Crimea

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2
Q

when was the first section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report published?

A

June 1855

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3
Q

when was the second section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report published?

A

January 1856

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4
Q

what was in the first section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

the condition of soldiers fighting in Crimea:
- diet
- supply of food

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5
Q

what was in the second section of the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

the supply of equipment
the medical situation

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6
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find out about the diet and health of British soldiers in Crimea?

A

most of the casualties were due to disease

poor health of soldiers can be linked to lack of fresh food

army was not providing troops with a full ration

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7
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find out about the distribution of supply?

A

the army was slow distribute supplies sent from Britain
lime juice incident

lack of communication between supply officer and army command

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8
Q

what was the lime juice incident?

A

lime juice was unloaded at Balaklava in December 1854

was not distributed until February 1855

led to high cases of scurvy

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9
Q

what did the McNeill-Tulloch report find out about the extent of medical care in Crimea?

A

it was almost non-existant

army was short of medicine and medical supplies

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10
Q

what was recommended by the McNeill-Tulloch Report?

A

major reform to the organisation of the army
improvement to supply procedures

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11
Q

what impact did the McNeill-Tulloch Report have on the organisation of the army?

A

1858 royal warrant which reformed the Commissariat which now became under the control of the BA

meant that the BA had full control over the supply of British troops

INTEGRATION and better COMMUNICATION

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12
Q

what impact did the McNeill-Tulloch report have on improving military medicine?

A

little impact
more done through the work of Nightingale and Russell

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13
Q

what was the MAIN impact that the McNeill-Tulloch Report had on the army?

A

led to greater government intervention in the BA

failings of the BA leadership in Crimea led to politicians taking more control over the running of the BA instead of the monarch and generals

CENTRALISED THE ROLE OF THE BA

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14
Q

why was there a lack of army reform post-Crimea?

A

Britain’s focus shifted away from Europe and instead on the growing British Empire

the army was seen as less important as it was only intended for fighting in small colonial wars

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15
Q

when did Cardwell become the secretary of state for war?

A

1868

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16
Q

what was the changing strategic situation in Europe?

A

the Prussian army was achieving major success across Europe against the Danes, Austrians and the French

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17
Q

when did Germany unify?

A

1871

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18
Q

what was significant about the Prussian army in comparison with the the BA?

A

it was a modern professional army
well organised
well equipped
well supplied

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19
Q

what was the system of deployment in the Prussian army?

A

regulars were backed by reservists

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20
Q

how many men did the Prussian army put out against the Austrians in 1866?

A

400,000

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21
Q

how large was Britain’s European army in 1866?

A

75,000

HARDLY ANY RESERVISTS

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22
Q

what were the main issues in the BA before the Cardwell reforms?

A

recruitment/army appeal
the promotion system

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23
Q

recruitment/army appeal

A

the BA was no longer an attractive option for young men as factory work paid better and provided better working conditions

army life was harsh with flogging and branding still in use by the BA

minimum term of 12 years meant many soldiers were separated from their family for long times

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24
Q

the promotion system

A

the purchase system:
men had to purchase the next rank if they wanted to get promoted

led to landed gentry and aristocracy dominating the upper ranks of the BA

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25
Q

examples of purchase system working

A

Duke of Wellington
Rowland Hull
Thomas Picton

were all important in the British victory over the French and were promoted via the purchase system

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26
Q

examples of purchase system not working

A

Lord Cardigan
Lord Lucan

were far less competent and were major reasons for difficulties in Crimea

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27
Q

how much did promotion to the rank of ‘ensign’ cost in 1837?

A

£450

cheapest rank for purchase

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28
Q

what were the aims of the Cardwell reforms?

A

improve the organisation of the BA
alter the social structure
make the BA more appealing to men

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29
Q

what was abolished under Cardwell?

A

flogging and branding
purchase system

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30
Q

when was flogging and branding abolished?

A

1871

31
Q

impact of the abolishment of flogging and branding

A

the use of flogging and branding in the BA made army life very harsh

thus it’s abolishment led to a more appealing army lifestyle which young men may be attracted to

32
Q

when was the purchase system abolished?

A

1871

33
Q

impact of the abolishment of the purchase system

A

army became more of a meritocracy

promotion on merit

34
Q

what were the dominions of Britain?

A

Canada
Australia
New Zealand

35
Q

what did the Cardwell reforms do to the self-governing dominions of Britain?

A

they were given responsibilty for their own security and began raising their own armies

36
Q

impact of the reform in self-governing dominions

A

it released more British soldiers whoc could return to Britain and merge with the European force

37
Q

by 1871, how many British servicemen returned to Britain due to the reform to the dominions?

A

26,000

38
Q

how much £ did the parliament agree to provide the army in 1870?

A

£2 million

39
Q

how many more troops did parliament agree to pay for?

A

20,000

40
Q

what were the issues with enlisting in the BA?

A

12 year minimum years of service was too long of a commitment to make

41
Q

when was the Army Enlistment Act?

A

1870

42
Q

what was the Army Enlistment Act?

A

soldiers were able to serve 6 years in the regulars and then 6 years in the reserves as part of their minimum term

instead of the old 12 years minimum regular service

43
Q

impact of the Army Enlistment Act

A

made the army more appealing as it made enlistment less of a long-term commitment

44
Q

when was the Regulation of the Forces Act?

A

1871

45
Q

what were the issues surrounding overseas deployment?

A

men did not want long postings overseas as they were afraid of fighting in tropical areas where disease was more likely

46
Q

what was the Regulation of the Forces Act?

ALSO KNOWN AS THE:
Localisation Act

A

ended general service

each foot regiment was assigned a county and would have two regular battalions

at any one time, one would be posted overseas while the other would be kept at home and serve as a reinforcement

each regiment also had two reserve battalions

47
Q

impact of the Regulation of the Forces Act?

A

meant that soldiers could serve half their time in their local area

only half of their time was spent overseas

improved moral of men and made army more appealing as less time was spent abroad

48
Q

what were the issues surrounding overseas deployment?

A

men did not want long postings overseas as they were afraid of fighting in tropical areas where disease was more likely

49
Q

what were the issues surrounding overseas deployment?

A

men did not want long postings overseas as they were afraid of fighting in tropical areas where disease was more likely

50
Q

did the Cardwell reforms improve the pay of a soldier?

A

nope

was still very low

51
Q

what was the relative pay a private would recieve in the BA?

A

same as a farmer
less than manual city worker

thus BA seemed less appealing

52
Q

what aspect of being in the BA was appealing?

A

the job security

53
Q

did the abolishment of the purchase system work?

A

not really

structure of meritocracy REMAINED

however the upper class continued to dominate the officer ranks in the BA

those with wealthy backgrounds and uni degrees benefitted

54
Q

overall impact of Cardwell reforms

A

improved organisation of the troops in the BA and made it more similar to the Prussian competition

made the BA more appealing with a reform to the terms and conditions

however, a class divide still existed in the BA as well as a lack of recruits in the BA

did nothing to deal with the pay issue

55
Q

what were the issues regarding the BA which were highlighted by the Second Boer War?

A

the Boer’s use of terrain, speed and long-distance shooting made British columns ineffective

British supply network was poor

equipment was sub-standard

quality of British troops was poor

56
Q

when were the Haldane reforms?

A

1906-1912

57
Q

what did Haldane reform the army into?

A

into two forces:
- the BEF
- the Territorial Army

58
Q

what was the BEF?

A

British Expeditionary Force

rapid action force which was prepared to fight a continental war against Germany

highly trained and sufficiently equipped soldiers

59
Q

what were the limitations of the BEF?

A

limited to budget of £28 million

limited to only 6 infantry divisions

only 100,000 men which was much smaller than the millions of men available to the French and Germans

60
Q

impact of the formation of the BEF

A

army gained a more specific purpose with surplus units merged and amalgamated into larger divisions

outdated weapons were phased

61
Q

when was the Territorial Army formed?

A

1907 with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act

62
Q

what was the TA?

A

reserve volunteer army which would be serve on the home front

had their own support services and operated independently from the BEF

63
Q

limitations of the TA

A

poor pay

was a less trained and less professional force

made up of volunteers —> not full time soldiers

64
Q

impact of the TA

A

provided a reserve force for the BA

the home front could now be defended while the BEF could handle overseas warfare

65
Q

TA size in September 1913

A

236,000

66
Q

what did Haldane combine the cadet groups in Britain into?

A

the OTC

The Officer Training Corps

67
Q

what was the OTC split into?

A

the upper division - universities
the lower division - schools

68
Q

OTC size by 1914

A

20,000 schoolboys
5,000 undergraduates

69
Q

impact of the OTC

A

men from the OTC would be trained and prepared for life in the BA as an officer

created a future force of loyal and well trained men who could act as strong leaders in future warfare

70
Q

what were the issues around coordinating the BA in the Boer War?

A

local imperial forces pretty much ran themselves

little coordination from government London

most imperial forces ignored British generals and conducted the war themselves with their own aims and ambitions

71
Q

what did Haldane introduce to deal with improving the coordination of the BA?

A

the Imperial General Staff

72
Q

what were the imperial forces of the BA?

A

South African Army
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC)
British Indian Army

73
Q

what was the role of the Imperial General Staff?

A

to oversee all strategic matters in the Empire

by coordinating the imperial forces

74
Q

impact of the Imperial General Staff

A

increased coordination and effectiveness of the imperial forces which would fight alongside the BEF

these imperial forces were also highly trained and efficient fighters who were vital in providing support to BEF troops in WW1

1/5 of BA in WW1 were Indian

British Experience of Warfare (synoptic) (5 decks)

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