Armed Conflicts Flashcards
Hague conferences
1899 - 1907
1899-1907
Hague conferences
Geneva conventions (4 conventions : 3 revisions + 1 new)
1949
1949
Geneva conventions (4 conventions : 3 revisions + 1 new)
Additional protocols I and II of Geneva Conventions
1977
1977
Additional protocols I and II of Geneva Conventions
Rome statute of the international criminal court
1998
1998
Rome statute of the international criminal court
ICRC customary law rules (160 rules)
2005
2005
ICRC customary law rules (160 rules)
Prohibition of the use of force in international relations
Art 2 §4 - UN Charter
Art 2 §4 - UN Charter
Prohibition of the use of force in international relations
3 exceptions to the prohibition of the use of force in IR (=RI)
- self-defense : art 51 - UN Charter
- peacekeeping operations : chapter VII - UN Charter
- consent by the government of the state concerned
Self-defense
Art 51 - UN Charter
Art 51 - UN Charter
Self-defense
Peacekeeping operations
Chapter VII (art 42) - UN Charter
Chapter VII (art 42) - UN Charter
Peacekeeping operations
Applicability of jus ad bellum and jus in bello
The two sets of rules apply in PARALLEL but INDEPENDENTLY
No influence of jus ad bellum on jus in bello - principle / source
The equality of belligerants principle - Preamble of AP I
If violation of jus in bello ?
Cannot justify a resort to force in violation of jus ad bellum - Preamble of AP I
Human rights in armed conflicts ?
Human rights continues to apply to a situation of armed conflicts -> EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION (within its territory ans subject to its jurisdiction)
- Art 2 §1 - pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques
- Art 1 - european convention of HR
Interpretation of HR in order to be lawful under IHL
Unlawful under IHL will be unlawful under HR
Relations of IHL / international criminal law
Violations of IHL can be war crimes
International criminal law condamns war crimes + genocide, crimes against huulanity, crime of agression
Constituents elements of crimes (ICC)
- An objective element (actus reus) : criminal conduct in a crime definition
- A subjective element (mens rea) : intention + knowledge
Proof of genocidal intent (mens rea)
Repeated acts of violation of IHL
Examples of accusation of genocide
- 2019 : Israël (by South africa)
- 2023 : Myanmar (by Gambia)
Both cases, they refute the genocide saying it’s not an ethnical reason
Sets of rules appling during an armed conflict
- General international law (UN Charter) : jus ad/contra bellum
- LOAC / IHL : jus in bello
- Human Rights Law
- National law
Why distinction between IAC and NIAC is important ?
- NIAC : IHL didn’t apply until 1949
- but tendency : same rules for both
- Differences : NIAC : no combatant statute, no right to kill and destroy, no protection against prosecution, no detention right, no occupation -> state agree not to grant rebels this rights but equilibre des forces entre eux
Art 2 GC
Application of GC to IAC :
- state vs state or more
- state vs international organization
(Peu importe si l’etat de guerre n’est oas reconnu par l’un d’eux)
-> no level of intensity is required
Application of GC to IAC :
- state vs state or more
- state vs international organization
(Peu importe si l’etat de guerre n’est oas reconnu par l’un d’eux) …
-> no level of intensity is required
art ?
Art 2 GC
State vs National liberation movement = IAC (only if ??? Is ratified)
Art 1 §4 AP I
Art 1 §4 AP I
State vs National liberation movement = IAC (only if ??? Is ratified)
Kill legaly
Only in IAC
When armed conflict start ?
First shot fired
Quelles règles pour NIAC ? Art ?
Art 3 CG IV : minimum of precaution (following provisions)
Elements d’identification du NIAC (depend of interests)
- identifiable parties to the conflict / organization of parties
- intensity of hostilities
Pour cour, si compliqué : principlenof effectivity : regarde les faits
Art 3 CG IV : minimum of precaution (following provisions)
NIAC
Internal disturbances (peacetime)
Art 1§2 AP II : Intensité / organisation pas assez forte pour faire un NIAC
Art 1§2 AP II : Intensité / organisation pas assez forte pour faire un NIAC
Internal disturbances (peacetime)
Conflit state vs rebels
Art 1 §1 AP II : application du AP II (pas pour rebel c/ rebel)
Art 1 §1 AP II : application du AP II (pas pour rebel c/ rebel)
Conflist state c/ rebels
Intervention in support of the gouv
State-state c/ rebels
NIAC stays a NIAC
NIAC stays a NIAC
Intervention in support of the gouv
State-state c/ rebels
Intervention in support of the rebels
NIAC may become NIAC if :
- direct intervention : pas 2 conflits, IAC absorbe le NIAC
- indirect intervention : NIAC -> IAC if logistical support (no suficient alone) + overall control (from Tadic, Appeals Judgment 1999) -> threshold (=seuil)
NIAC may become NIAC if :
- direct intervention : pas 2 conflits, IAC absorbe le NIAC
- indirect intervention : NIAC -> IAC if logistical support (no suficient alone) + overall control (from Tadic, Appeals Judgment 1999) -> threshold (=seuil)
Intervention in support of the rebels
