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arky 1000 > Arky test 1 > Flashcards

Arky test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

archaeological culture

A

Recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region. Interpretation in terms of ethnic or political groups is based on archaeologist understanding.

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2
Q

cultural evolution

A

The theory that societal change can be understood by analogy with processes underlying the biological evolution of species.

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3
Q

evolution

A

The process of growth and development accompanied by increasing complexity. In biology this change is tied to Charles Darwin’s concept of natural selection as the basis of species survival.

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4
Q

Midwestern taxonomic system

A

Frameworks devised by W.C. McKern in 1939 to systematize sequences in the Great Plains area of the United States, using the general principle of similarities between assemblages of artifacts.

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5
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The principle that the stratification of rocks is die to process still going in the seas, rivers, and lakes. i.e, that geologically ancient conditions were in essence similar to, or uniform with our time.

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6
Q

conjunctive approach

A

A methodological alternative to traditional normative archaeology developed by Walter Taylor in the 1940s in which the full range of a culture system should be taken into account when considering explanatory models

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7
Q

historical particularism

A

Approach to anthropology associated with Franz Boas designed as an alternative to the broad generalization approach

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8
Q

New Archaeology

A

New approach from the 1960s that argued for an explicitly scientific framework of archaeological method and theory.

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9
Q

cultural ecology

A

Term devised by Julian Steward to account for the dynamic relationship between human society and its environment in which culture is viewed as the primary adaptive mechanism

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10
Q

diffusionist approach

A

Theory by Gordon Childe that all the attributes of cultural development from architecture to metalworking had diffused from West Asia to Europe

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11
Q

Three Age System

A

Classification system by C.J. Thomsen for the sequence of periods (Stone, Bronze, iron)

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12
Q

Culture

A

Refers to nonbiological characteristics unique to a particular society

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13
Q

Pg. 24: The precursor to archaeology was the search for_____________

A

Holy objects (Christian relics)

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14
Q

The speculative phase

A

-Marked by Thomas Jefferson excavating the mounds thought to be built by “mound builder” people
-Defined by scientific speculation

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15
Q

How are the corpses in Pompeii preserved?

A

The victim gets buried in ash and hardens into pumice. The body decays, leaving a hollow mold. Archaeologists pour wet plaster. When the plaster hardens, the pumice is chipped away and the shape is revealed.

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16
Q

Who wrote “On the Origin of Species”?

A

Charles Darwin (Did not invent the idea of evolution)

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17
Q

Palaeolithic

A

Old Stone Age

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18
Q

Neolithic

A

New Stone Age

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19
Q

Mesolithic

A

paleolithic and neolithic

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20
Q

Chalcolithic

A

After neolithic (Bronze Age)

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21
Q

What does it mean to “Queer” archaeology?

A

To move past modern ideas when looking at artifacts. Not justifying present with past (Hunter and gatherer gender roles)

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22
Q

Heinrich Schliemann

A

Searched for the lost city of Troy from the Illiad

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23
Q

General Augustus Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers

A

-Used military methods to organize excavations
-Wanted to recover all objects found at a site (not just beautiful ones)
- Insistence on total recording

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24
Q

Sir William Flinders Petrie and Hilda Petrie

A

-William collected, described and published his findings
-Burned mummies
- Hilda was a fundraiser who maintained the financing of William’s projects

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25
Q

Sir Mortimer Wheeler and Tessa Verney Wheeler

A

-Wheeler box method: digging in squares for measure and control

-Tessa contributed heavily to UK excavations

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26
Q

Gertrude Canon-Thompson

A

-Pioneering interdisciplinary projects
-Unearthed dateable artifacts from a stratified context confirming a site to represent major culture of African origin
-Made the white community angry so she stopped and focused elsewhere :(

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27
Q

Dorothy Garrod

A

-First female professor of any subject at Cambridge University
- Found humans remains crucial to our knowledge of the relationship between Neanderthals and Homosapiens

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28
Q

Julio Tello

A

America’s first indigenous archaeologist

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29
Q

Kathleen Kenyon

A

-Kenyon-Wheeler box method
-Found evidence that pushed back the date of occupation to the end of the ice age
-Uncovered a neolithic farming community

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30
Q

Alfred Kidder

A

-Maya archaeology
-Employed team of specialists to analyze artifacts

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31
Q

Harriet Boyd Hawes

A

Discovered the first Minoan town site

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32
Q

Honor Frost

A

-Free diver
- shipwreck excavation

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33
Q

Why was the 1960s a turning point in Archaeology?

A

-The invention of radiocarbon dating
-Dissatisfaction with traditional archaeology not explaining anything

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34
Q

Processual archaeology: Nature of archaeology Explanatory vs descriptive

A

Explaining the past, not reconstructing it

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35
Q

Processual archaeology: explanation Cultural process vs cultural history

A

Thinking of cultural processes of how changes in economic and social systems take place

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36
Q

Processual archaeology: reasoning Deductive vs inductive

A

Old: Jigsaw puzzle to solve

Now: to hypotheses, construct models and deducing consequences

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37
Q

Processual archaeology: validation Testing vs authority

A

Designing research to answer specific questions economically

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38
Q

Processual archaeology: research focus Project design vs data accumulation

A

Research should answer questions not generate irrelevant knowledge

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39
Q

Processual archaeology: optimism vs pessimism

A

One would never know how hard these problems were unless one tried to solve them

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40
Q

Processual archaeology: choice of approach quantitative vs simply qualitative

A

computerized statistical treatment, quantitative data. Traditional was verbal

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41
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

“living archaeology”
Study of contemporary cultures with a view to understanding the behavioural relationship that underlie the production of material culture

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42
Q

Salvage archaeology

A

Location and recording of archaeological sites in advance of highway construction, drainage projects or urban development

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43
Q

Nabonidus

A

-The first archaeologist
- cuneiform tablets in the walls

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44
Q

Archaeology

A

Study of human past through its material remains

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45
Q

Category: Artifacts

A

Any portable object made by humans or modified (tools, pottery, metal weapons etc)

46
Q

Category: Features

A

Nonportable artifact, architectural element, soil stains, hearth

47
Q

Category: Structures

A

Buildings like houses, shrines, tombs, graves etc

48
Q

Category: Ecofacts

A

Organic and environmental remains (bones, soils, plant remains)

49
Q

Category: Sites

A

Spatial clustering of artifacts, features, structures, organic and environmental remains-residue of human activity

50
Q

Category: Tell

A

Mound site formed through successful human occupation over a long time span

51
Q

Context (in situ or not)

A

Primary context: original position undisturbed since initial burial
Secondary context: Location of archaeological material that has moved from its original position

52
Q

Matrix

A

Physical material in which artifacts are embedded or supported

53
Q

Association

A

Occurrence of artifact with outer remains, usually in the same matrix

54
Q

Provenience

A

-Place of origin or earliest known history
-The horizontal and vertical position of an artifact within a matrix

55
Q

Formation processes

A

Those processes affecting the way in which archaeological materials came to be buried
-Cultural: deliberate or accidental activity
-Natural: environmental events

56
Q

Experimental archaeology

A

The study of past behavioural processes through experimental reconstruction under carefully controlled scientific conditions

57
Q

Hoards

A

Assemblage of valuables or prized possessions that has been deliberately buried

58
Q

Deliberate burial

A

used to deposit prized possessions with intention to reclaim but sometimes failing to do so

59
Q

Human destruction

A

People of the past deliberately destroying monuments or inscriptions belonging to previous leaders (Akhenaten destroying buildings to introduce a new religion to Egypt)

60
Q

Original human behaviour process (tool)

A
  1. acquisition of raw material
  2. manufacture
  3. use (and distribution)
  4. Disposal when the tool is worn out or broken
61
Q

Electrolysis

A

Placing object in chemical solution and passing a weak current between it and a surrounding grill to clean off corrosion (Copper turning blue)

62
Q

What can experimental archaeology do to help archaeologists?

A

Tests archaeological hypotheses by replicating processes from the past natural or cultural

63
Q

Inorganic material

A

Rocks, stone, clay pottery

64
Q

Taphonomy

A

Assessing how the remains of an organism (Most often bones of an animal) came to be preserved

65
Q

How were organic materials preserved?

A

Anaerobic (lacking oxygen) environments (wet, dry, cold)

66
Q

Wet preservation

A

-Waterlogged sites like swamps, lakes, marshes, and peat bogs sealing artifacts in wetness
-Unique as it can preserve organic material
-ex: Must farm settlement

67
Q

Dry preservation

A

-Arid conditions prevent decay because of water shortage
-corpses dried out quickly
-Ex: Tomb of Tutankhamun

68
Q

Cold environments

A

-Natural refrigeration so good that dogs often want to eat the corpses
-hair, stomach contents, and flesh intact often.
-buried in snow
-ex: mountain mummies/otzi the iceman

69
Q

Australopithecines

A

Collective name for the earliest known hominins

70
Q

What was treaty 7?

A

Treaty between the Blackfoot Confederacy and the government of Canada in 1877

71
Q

Crowfoot

A

One of the main architects of Treaty 7

72
Q

Who lived the Cluny site?

A

We are trying to find out archaeologically, many ideas about it: material culture looks different

73
Q

What’s Shawns theory on the Cluny site?

A

Looking at the bones Shawn thinks it was a winter camp to help with travel to the bow river during winter

74
Q

St. Mary Dam

A

-Constructed in 1949 finished in 1951
-one of the largest dams in its time
-Used for irrigation
-Caused flooding and once it was about to be reconstructed Wallys beach was discovered

75
Q

Wally’s Beach

A

-Thousands of artifacts
-Ice age footprints (Mammoth tracks, caribou, muskox, horses, camel)
-Arrowheads, hard to find contexts because of wind erosion

76
Q

Clovis point

A

Earliest Arrowhead

77
Q

ground reconnaissance

A

Wide variety of methods for identifying individual archaeological sites

78
Q

Cultural resource management (CRM)

A

Safeguarding of the archaeological heritage through the protection of sites and through salvage generally within the framework of specific legislation

79
Q

Survey

A

Looking for sites to be excavated by using prominent features of the land

80
Q

Reconnaissance survey

A

Thorough survey to detect artifacts not visible

81
Q

Non-probabilistic sampling

A

concentrates on sampling areas on the basis of intuition, historical documentation, or long field experience in that area

82
Q

Simple random sampling

A

Areas sampled are chosen using a table of random numbers

83
Q

Systematic vs unsystematic sampling

A

-Systematic involves grid system thad divides area into sectors which are walked systematicallu
-Unsystematic involves field walking and scanning a path to record artifacts

84
Q

Probabilistic sampling

A

Selection of a sample from a population based on random chance

85
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

region or site is divided into natural zones such as land or forest. Units then chosen by random number procedure giving each zone a number of squares

86
Q

Systemic sampling

A

Sampling using a grid of equally spaced locations (ex: selecting every other square)

87
Q

How are aerial images are used?

A

They are used to discover and record sites and monitor how they change through time

88
Q

LIDAR

A

Light detection and ranging or ALS uses an aircraft carrying a laser scanner that rapidly pulses a series of beams into the ground to create a 3D cloud to process information on the land

89
Q

SLAR

A

Side looking airborne radar scans from an aircraft using pulses of electromagnetic radiation

90
Q

Satellite imagery

A

High resolution images of an area and areas around the world. Provides provisional interpretations of sites

91
Q

oblique image vs vertical aerial pictures

A

-Oblique at an angle
-vertical straight down

92
Q

GIS

A

Software used to map the distribution of artifacts belonging to each occupation phase

93
Q

Earth resistance

A

Subsurface detection that measures changes in conductivity by passing an electric current through ground soils

94
Q

Probes

A

Tool inserted into the ground. Helps detect buried artifacts in the ground using electrical currents

95
Q

Ground penetrating Radar (GPR)

A

Method of subsurface detection in which short radio pulses are sent through soil and the echos reflect back significant changes

96
Q

Electrical resistivity

A

Subsurface detection measuring change in conductivity by passing electrical current in soil. Changed by moisture content

97
Q

Fluxgate magnetometer

A

-Magnetometer used in subsurface detection which produces a continuous reading.
-Lower cost
-Can be more susceptible to errors with temperature change or sensor variations

98
Q

Metal detectors

A

Detects metal objects under the surface

99
Q

Geochemical analysis

A

investigatory technique that involves taking soil samples at regular intervals and measuring their phosphate content

100
Q

Shovel test pits (STPs)

A

Pits dug into the ground to help show what an area has to offer and identify the extent of a site

101
Q

Wheeler box grid

A

digging in squares leaving a small amount of room in between (Kind of like walkways or aisles)

102
Q

Open area excavation

A

Opening large horizontal areas for excavation used for single period deposits (ex: longhouses)

103
Q

Step-trenching

A

Excavation used on deep sites when excavation goes downward in steps

104
Q

attributes

A

form, style, decoration, colour and raw material characteristics of an artifact

105
Q

Assemblages

A

Artifacts found together that indicate a specific society or group

106
Q

Typology

A

artifact types to classify artifacts that can be grouped together

107
Q

Archaeological cultures

A

Recurring assemblage assumed to be representative of a people from a particular time

108
Q

slag

A

material residue from smelting

109
Q

What can biological anthropology be used for?

A

Criminal investigation

110
Q

bosing

A

Hitting a block of wood laid on ground surface and assessing the sound to find pits and ditches

111
Q

dowsing

A

Using a forked stick or metal rods to find buried metals or gravesites without the use of a scientific device

arky 1000 (2 decks)

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