Arizona Boards Flashcards
TOADS
Toxins (from the parotid glands)
– Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and serotonin – Bufotenine – Bufagenins – Bufotoxins – Indole alkylamines
TOADS
Properties
– Bufotenine (Tryptamine related) = Schedule I hallucinogen
– Bufadienolides = cardiac glycosides (like digitalis)
– Indole alkylamines = like LSD
TOADS Toxicity (Species, season, time, dose)
Species • Dogs most susceptible • Cats/ferrets can be Season • Summer Time • Evening - nocturnal Dose • 1 mg/kg secretions = signs
TOADS
Toxicokinetics
– Oral MM, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, open wound
– Distributed entire body + CNS
– Catecholamines - neuronal reuptake
– Bufogenins in urine
TOADS
Mechanism of Action
– MM irritation
– Heart, blood vessels, and the CNS
– Bufadienolides - inhibit Na/K ATPase - HyperK+
– Indole alkylamines - hallucinogen (LSD)
– Bufotenine - vasoconstrictor + hallucinogen
TOADS
Clinical Signs
– Onset - few minutes
- MM irritation - hypersalivation, brick-red MM, vocalization, vomiting
- Neurologic signs - disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonos, hyperthermia, and coma
- Cardiovascular signs - tachypnea, tachycardia, arrhythmias, or bradycardia and collapse
TOADS
Lesions
None
TOADS
Laboratory diagnosis
– Digoxin levels elevated – Moderate increases in Hemoglobin PCV BG BUN ALKP K+, Ca+, P
TOADS
DDx
Diseases that cause seizures, cardiac toxicity, hyperthermia and caustics
• Seizures
– Metaldehyde, theobromine, cholinesterase inhibitors, idiopathic epilepsy, infectious meningoencephalitis, and brain tumors
• Cardiac toxicity
– Digitalis toxicity, plant cardiac glycosides (oleander)
• Hyperthermia
– Heat stroke, and acute infectious diseases
• Caustics
– Acids, alkalis, detergents, and bleaches
TOADS
Treatment
– Flushing mouth
– Activated charcoal
– Seizures - diazepam, pentobarbital, propofol,
glucocorticoids, furosemide and mannitol
– Atropine - bradycardia (contraindicated if tachycardia), decrease secretions, bronchodilator
– Beta blockers - tachycardia and supraventricular arrhythmias
– Lidocaine and procainamide - ventricular arrhythmias
– Digoxin immune Fab - bind bufagenins and bufotoxins
– Fluid therapy - dehydration and hyperthermia
TOADS
Prognosis
Good for treated animals
TOADS
Diagnosis
history of exposure and clinical signs
EHRLICHIA
Pathophysiology
Transmission
Replicate in blood - vasculitis (decreases platelets and albumin)
brown dog tick (R.sanguineus)
infects lymphocytes and monocytes
EHRLICHIA
Common findings
- petechiation/bleeding
- Signs from hemorrhaging into pericardium, CNS, eyes, lungs, GI, skin
- Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegally
EHRLICHIA
Diagnosis
- Blood smear (2% chance)
- Serology for Ab
- PCR
EHRLICHIA
Diagnostics
- Hematology -thrombocytopenia, anemia (R or NR)
- Chemistry - hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
- Urine - proteinuria
EHRLICHIA
Chronic disease
Mainly E. canis
Body or treatment does not eliminate
Signs: absent, mild, or severe (bone marrow/pancytopenia)
EHRLICHIA
Treatment
Doxycycline (intracellular, bacteriostatic)
5-10 mg/kg/day PO or IV
10-21 days (1-2 months if CH)
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
General
Dustborne, noncontagious , dimorphic fungus
Rainy season / dust storms
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
What systems can it affect? (3)
What signs will I see? (5)
Primarily - Respiratory
~20% Disseminated - esp. eyes, joints, bone
Rare - GI, Skin
CH cough anorexia, cachexia lameness, enlarged joints fever intermittent diarrhea
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
Diagnosis (2)
Spherules in tissue (Cytology BAL, LN)
Serum - AGID for IgG & IgM
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
Treatment
Self-limiting
CH resp or multisystem - longterm antifungal
- Fluconazole (Itra/Keto- $$)
- Amphotericin B - most effect but nephrotoxic
After bone marrow damage which cells are the first to change? (shortest to longest half-life)
- Neutrophils (1/2 day)
- Platelets (1 week)
- RBC (4 months)
Acepromazine is contraindicated in a patient with __________.
a hx of seizures
Which medication when given at a high dose/over a long period of time can cause neuro signs?
Metronidazole
Which commonly used drugs should not be given together?
Steroids and NSAIDs
Bull with persistent frenulum
ventral deviation of penis during breeding
separate by 32 weeks.
Congenital, suspected heritable
EQUINE TETANUS Pathogen Incubation period Vaccination Clinical signs Prognosis
Clostridium tetani, gram positive spore forming bacillus, common in soil.
injury 1-4 weeks ago
+/- UTD on vacc
stiff/colicking, progressed to sawhorse stance
typically respiratory death.
Cow with white face in sunlight
SSC
FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS: Etiology
- Pathogen
- Characteristics
- Location acquired
- Stability o/s
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Opportunistic environmental saprophyte
- Alkaline, nitrogen rich soil (pigeon excreta)
- Viable 2 years
FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS
Clinical signs
Sneezing, snorting, MP-H nasal D/C Facial discomfort/distortion Intranasal polyp-like masses Cutaneous (40%) Neuro: cribriform plate Ocular
FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS
Diagnosis
- Cytology: D/C, draining wounds, LN, nodules(25% false neg)
- Serology: LCAT - ANTIGEN test
- Culture poss.
FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS
Treatment
- Itraconazole, Fluconazole (suspect cribiform damage)
* 6 months to forever (2 m > neg antigen test)
Heat stroke treatment
Get temp to 103, then stop cooling
non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
neurologic signs/cerebral swelling
SIRS/sepsis, ARDS, and DIC
Which of the following is not a zoonotic agent: Salmonella, Coccidia, Brucella, Cryptosporidia
Coccidia
A dog with ______________ from valley fever will always have a __________ infection as well.
osteomyelitis
pulmonary infection
Which antibiotic is safest to use in a dog with liver failure
Amoxicillin
