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Arizona Boards > Arizona Boards > Flashcards

Arizona Boards Flashcards

1
Q

TOADS

Toxins (from the parotid glands)

A 
– Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and serotonin
– Bufotenine
– Bufagenins
– Bufotoxins
– Indole alkylamines
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2
Q

TOADS

Properties

A

– Bufotenine (Tryptamine related) = Schedule I hallucinogen
– Bufadienolides = cardiac glycosides (like digitalis)
– Indole alkylamines = like LSD

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3
Q 
TOADS
Toxicity (Species, season, time, dose)
A 
Species
• Dogs most susceptible
• Cats/ferrets can be
Season
• Summer
Time
• Evening - nocturnal
Dose
• 1 mg/kg secretions = signs
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4
Q

TOADS

Toxicokinetics

A

– Oral MM, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, open wound
– Distributed entire body + CNS
– Catecholamines - neuronal reuptake
– Bufogenins in urine

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5
Q

TOADS

Mechanism of Action

A

– MM irritation
– Heart, blood vessels, and the CNS
– Bufadienolides - inhibit Na/K ATPase - HyperK+
– Indole alkylamines - hallucinogen (LSD)
– Bufotenine - vasoconstrictor + hallucinogen

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6
Q

TOADS

Clinical Signs

A

– Onset - few minutes

  1. MM irritation - hypersalivation, brick-red MM, vocalization, vomiting
  2. Neurologic signs - disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonos, hyperthermia, and coma
  3. Cardiovascular signs - tachypnea, tachycardia, arrhythmias, or bradycardia and collapse
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7
Q

TOADS

Lesions

A

None

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8
Q

TOADS

Laboratory diagnosis

A 
– Digoxin levels elevated
– Moderate increases in
Hemoglobin
PCV
BG
BUN
ALKP
K+, Ca+, P
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9
Q

TOADS

DDx

A

Diseases that cause seizures, cardiac toxicity, hyperthermia and caustics
• Seizures
– Metaldehyde, theobromine, cholinesterase inhibitors, idiopathic epilepsy, infectious meningoencephalitis, and brain tumors
• Cardiac toxicity
– Digitalis toxicity, plant cardiac glycosides (oleander)
• Hyperthermia
– Heat stroke, and acute infectious diseases
• Caustics
– Acids, alkalis, detergents, and bleaches

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10
Q

TOADS

Treatment

A

– Flushing mouth
– Activated charcoal
– Seizures - diazepam, pentobarbital, propofol,
glucocorticoids, furosemide and mannitol
– Atropine - bradycardia (contraindicated if tachycardia), decrease secretions, bronchodilator
– Beta blockers - tachycardia and supraventricular arrhythmias
– Lidocaine and procainamide - ventricular arrhythmias
– Digoxin immune Fab - bind bufagenins and bufotoxins
– Fluid therapy - dehydration and hyperthermia

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11
Q

TOADS

Prognosis

A

Good for treated animals

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12
Q

TOADS

Diagnosis

A

history of exposure and clinical signs

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13
Q

EHRLICHIA
Pathophysiology
Transmission

A

Replicate in blood - vasculitis (decreases platelets and albumin)
brown dog tick (R.sanguineus)
infects lymphocytes and monocytes

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14
Q

EHRLICHIA

Common findings

A
  • petechiation/bleeding
  • Signs from hemorrhaging into pericardium, CNS, eyes, lungs, GI, skin
  • Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegally
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15
Q

EHRLICHIA

Diagnosis

A
  • Blood smear (2% chance)
  • Serology for Ab
  • PCR
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16
Q

EHRLICHIA

Diagnostics

A
  • Hematology -thrombocytopenia, anemia (R or NR)
  • Chemistry - hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
  • Urine - proteinuria
17
Q

EHRLICHIA

Chronic disease

A

Mainly E. canis
Body or treatment does not eliminate
Signs: absent, mild, or severe (bone marrow/pancytopenia)

18
Q

EHRLICHIA

Treatment

A

Doxycycline (intracellular, bacteriostatic)
5-10 mg/kg/day PO or IV
10-21 days (1-2 months if CH)

19
Q

COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)

General

A

Dustborne, noncontagious , dimorphic fungus

Rainy season / dust storms

20
Q

COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
What systems can it affect? (3)
What signs will I see? (5)

A

Primarily - Respiratory
~20% Disseminated - esp. eyes, joints, bone
Rare - GI, Skin

CH cough
anorexia, cachexia
lameness, enlarged joints
fever
intermittent diarrhea
21
Q

COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)

Diagnosis (2)

A

Spherules in tissue (Cytology BAL, LN)

Serum - AGID for IgG & IgM

22
Q

COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)

Treatment

A

Self-limiting
CH resp or multisystem - longterm antifungal
- Fluconazole (Itra/Keto- $$)
- Amphotericin B - most effect but nephrotoxic

23
Q

After bone marrow damage which cells are the first to change? (shortest to longest half-life)

A
  1. Neutrophils (1/2 day)
  2. Platelets (1 week)
  3. RBC (4 months)
24
Q

Acepromazine is contraindicated in a patient with __________.

A

a hx of seizures

25
Q

Which medication when given at a high dose/over a long period of time can cause neuro signs?

A

Metronidazole

26
Q

Which commonly used drugs should not be given together?

A

Steroids and NSAIDs

27
Q

Bull with persistent frenulum

A

ventral deviation of penis during breeding
separate by 32 weeks.
Congenital, suspected heritable

28
Q 
EQUINE TETANUS
Pathogen
Incubation period
Vaccination
Clinical signs
Prognosis
A

Clostridium tetani, gram positive spore forming bacillus, common in soil.
injury 1-4 weeks ago
+/- UTD on vacc
stiff/colicking, progressed to sawhorse stance
typically respiratory death.

29
Q

Cow with white face in sunlight

A

SSC

30
Q

FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS: Etiology

  • Pathogen
  • Characteristics
  • Location acquired
  • Stability o/s
A
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Opportunistic environmental saprophyte
  • Alkaline, nitrogen rich soil (pigeon excreta)
  • Viable 2 years
31
Q

FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS

Clinical signs

A 
Sneezing, snorting, MP-H nasal D/C
Facial discomfort/distortion
Intranasal polyp-like masses
Cutaneous (40%)
Neuro: cribriform plate
Ocular
32
Q

FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS

Diagnosis

A
  1. Cytology: D/C, draining wounds, LN, nodules(25% false neg)
  2. Serology: LCAT - ANTIGEN test
  3. Culture poss.
33
Q

FELINE FUNGAL RHINITIS

Treatment

A
  • Itraconazole, Fluconazole (suspect cribiform damage)

* 6 months to forever (2 m > neg antigen test)

34
Q

Heat stroke treatment

A

Get temp to 103, then stop cooling
non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
neurologic signs/cerebral swelling
SIRS/sepsis, ARDS, and DIC

35
Q

Which of the following is not a zoonotic agent: Salmonella, Coccidia, Brucella, Cryptosporidia

A

Coccidia

36
Q

A dog with ______________ from valley fever will always have a __________ infection as well.

A

osteomyelitis

pulmonary infection

37
Q

Which antibiotic is safest to use in a dog with liver failure

A

Amoxicillin

Arizona Boards (2 decks)

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