Arizona Boards Flashcards
TOADS
Toxins (from the parotid glands)
– Catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) and serotonin – Bufotenine – Bufagenins – Bufotoxins – Indole alkylamines
TOADS
Properties
– Bufotenine (Tryptamine related) = Schedule I hallucinogen
– Bufadienolides = cardiac glycosides (like digitalis)
– Indole alkylamines = like LSD
TOADS Toxicity (Species, season, time, dose)
Species • Dogs most susceptible • Cats/ferrets can be Season • Summer Time • Evening - nocturnal Dose • 1 mg/kg secretions = signs
TOADS
Toxicokinetics
– Oral MM, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, open wound
– Distributed entire body + CNS
– Catecholamines - neuronal reuptake
– Bufogenins in urine
TOADS
Mechanism of Action
– MM irritation
– Heart, blood vessels, and the CNS
– Bufadienolides - inhibit Na/K ATPase - HyperK+
– Indole alkylamines - hallucinogen (LSD)
– Bufotenine - vasoconstrictor + hallucinogen
TOADS
Clinical Signs
– Onset - few minutes
- MM irritation - hypersalivation, brick-red MM, vocalization, vomiting
- Neurologic signs - disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonos, hyperthermia, and coma
- Cardiovascular signs - tachypnea, tachycardia, arrhythmias, or bradycardia and collapse
TOADS
Lesions
None
TOADS
Laboratory diagnosis
– Digoxin levels elevated – Moderate increases in Hemoglobin PCV BG BUN ALKP K+, Ca+, P
TOADS
DDx
Diseases that cause seizures, cardiac toxicity, hyperthermia and caustics
• Seizures
– Metaldehyde, theobromine, cholinesterase inhibitors, idiopathic epilepsy, infectious meningoencephalitis, and brain tumors
• Cardiac toxicity
– Digitalis toxicity, plant cardiac glycosides (oleander)
• Hyperthermia
– Heat stroke, and acute infectious diseases
• Caustics
– Acids, alkalis, detergents, and bleaches
TOADS
Treatment
– Flushing mouth
– Activated charcoal
– Seizures - diazepam, pentobarbital, propofol,
glucocorticoids, furosemide and mannitol
– Atropine - bradycardia (contraindicated if tachycardia), decrease secretions, bronchodilator
– Beta blockers - tachycardia and supraventricular arrhythmias
– Lidocaine and procainamide - ventricular arrhythmias
– Digoxin immune Fab - bind bufagenins and bufotoxins
– Fluid therapy - dehydration and hyperthermia
TOADS
Prognosis
Good for treated animals
TOADS
Diagnosis
history of exposure and clinical signs
EHRLICHIA
Pathophysiology
Transmission
Replicate in blood - vasculitis (decreases platelets and albumin)
brown dog tick (R.sanguineus)
infects lymphocytes and monocytes
EHRLICHIA
Common findings
- petechiation/bleeding
- Signs from hemorrhaging into pericardium, CNS, eyes, lungs, GI, skin
- Lymphadenopathy, Splenomegally
EHRLICHIA
Diagnosis
- Blood smear (2% chance)
- Serology for Ab
- PCR
EHRLICHIA
Diagnostics
- Hematology -thrombocytopenia, anemia (R or NR)
- Chemistry - hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia
- Urine - proteinuria
EHRLICHIA
Chronic disease
Mainly E. canis
Body or treatment does not eliminate
Signs: absent, mild, or severe (bone marrow/pancytopenia)
EHRLICHIA
Treatment
Doxycycline (intracellular, bacteriostatic)
5-10 mg/kg/day PO or IV
10-21 days (1-2 months if CH)
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
General
Dustborne, noncontagious , dimorphic fungus
Rainy season / dust storms
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
What systems can it affect? (3)
What signs will I see? (5)
Primarily - Respiratory
~20% Disseminated - esp. eyes, joints, bone
Rare - GI, Skin
CH cough anorexia, cachexia lameness, enlarged joints fever intermittent diarrhea
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
Diagnosis (2)
Spherules in tissue (Cytology BAL, LN)
Serum - AGID for IgG & IgM
COCCIDIOIDMYCOSIS (VALLEY FEVER)
Treatment
Self-limiting
CH resp or multisystem - longterm antifungal
- Fluconazole (Itra/Keto- $$)
- Amphotericin B - most effect but nephrotoxic
After bone marrow damage which cells are the first to change? (shortest to longest half-life)
- Neutrophils (1/2 day)
- Platelets (1 week)
- RBC (4 months)
Acepromazine is contraindicated in a patient with __________.
a hx of seizures
