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Psych 303 > Aristotle I > Flashcards

Aristotle I Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle’s style

A

.systematic thinker
.contrasted with plato’s breezy style
.drew clear distinctions between categories so he could classify everything based on its NATURE

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2
Q

Sum up De Anima

A

Do it

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3
Q

What are the two senses in which anything can be moved?

A

A) indirectly, moved by something else

B) directly, moving by itself

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4
Q

What are the four species of movement?

A 
.1) locomotion
.2) alteration
.3) diminution
.4) growth
LAGD
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5
Q

Every linguistic phrase is either…

A

Definitory or demonstrative

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6
Q

Two kinds of harmony

A

.1) cohesion of spacial magnitudes among objects

.2) ratio of objects blended?

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7
Q

Scalae Naturae

A

Aristotle organized all living things into a hierarchy based on their abilities…
.1) plants capable of self nutrition
.2) animals capable of self nutrition AND movement/sensation
.3) humans have what animals have, AND thought

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8
Q

Draw scalae Naturae in your head

A

In Aristotle one notes

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9
Q

Bodies vs Attributes

A

.1) bodies exist

.2) bodies have attributes (size, weight, color, shape)

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10
Q

Accidental vs Essential attributes

A

.1) essential: part of the thing’s NATURE
.2) accidental: other characteristics
Note: although a body’s attributes can change, attributes cannot: they’re eternal
E.g. Redness will never cease to exist
For example, a chair can be made of wood, metal, or plastic, but this is an accident: it is accidental to its being a chair. It is still a chair regardless of the material it is made of.[2] To put this in technical terms, an accident is a property which has no necessary connection to the essence of the thing being described.
Also, bachelor is an unmarried male. Brown hair is an accidental characteristic of a bachelor… I.e. not what makes a bachelor a bachelor.

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11
Q

What are the three ESSENTIAL (part of their nature) attributes that distinguish us from other animals?

A

.1) they MAKE (concern selves with BEAUTY)
.2) they ACT (concern the selves with right or wrong, do things for a reason)
.3) they KNOW (concern themselves with the truth)

they MAK, aesthetics, morality, knowledge

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12
Q

How did Aristotle categorize man’s creations?

A

.1) true creations of humankind ( houses, art works)
.2) human-controlled products of nature (fires, garden)
.3) natural happenings (birth, growth)

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13
Q

What are Aristotle’s four causes?

A

Material, formal, efficient, final
Can apply these to any object
Acronym, MFEF

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14
Q

Material cause

A 
What is it made of?
That OUT OF WHICH an object is made
I.e. materials
Heart - muscle tissue
Rubber ball - rubber
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15
Q

Formal cause

A

What is it that makes the object what it is to us?
E.g. Why do we call a chair a chair?
Because of it’s ‘chairness.’ It has four legs, a seat, and a back.
.think Plato and the world of forms
.what is this object’s perfect form?
Rubber ball - ‘BALLNESS’ sphericity, solidity, bounciness
Heart - ‘HEARTNESS’ organization into appropriate form for pumping blood
Think essentialism, these are all imperfect forms of perfection from the world of forms

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16
Q

Efficient cause

A

Where did it come from, what are its origins?
That BY WHICH something is made
E.g. Rubber ball - actions of machines or workers
Heart - biological processes

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17
Q

Final cause

A 
What is it for, why does it exist?
That FOR THE SAKE of which something is made
E.g. Rubber ball - amusement
Heart - pumping blood
It's purpose!
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18
Q

According to Aristotle’s four causes, is an artificial heart still a heart?

A

Both have the same formal (heartness) and final cause (pumping blood)
However, they have different material and efficient causes.

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19
Q

According to the four causes, can a computer really play chess?

A

Compare a human playing chess vs a computer
Material cause: No, doesn’t have brains
Formal cause: Yes, a computer is an object that can play chess by rules
Efficient cause: nope, diff materials!
Final cause: yes, both play chess

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20
Q

To Aristotle, what must be present for humans to produce anything?

A

The four causes

MFEF

21
Q

Human causes vs Aristotle’s causes

A

Human: an event
Aristotle: a substance, object, thing

22
Q

What are the three kinds of intelligence that distinguish us from animals?

A

Creative, practical, theoretical

23
Q

What did Aristotle believe about humans and their actions?

A

They always act with some end in view. They do things for a reason!

24
Q

What did Aristotle, like Plato, think we always act towards?q

A

The good!

Senseless to say we act for a bad end

25
Q

What are Aristotle’s three types of good?

A

Bodily goods
External goods
Goods of the soul

26
Q

Bodily goods

A

Health, vigor, bodily pleasure

27
Q

External goods

A

The means by which we get the bodily goods

I.e. money/currency, to buy things that are good for us

28
Q

Goods of the soul

A

Psychological goods, or virtues
E.g. Knowledge, skill (incl. social skills), self-esteem, honor)
Called ARÊTE, which means self-actualization

29
Q

The apparent good vs the real good

A

The real good are things we need whether we know it or not

30
Q

What did distinguishing between the apparent good and the real good allow Aristotle to argue?

A

all people were striving for the same good (arête), even if they seemed to be wanting different things
So this allowed him to say people might just be working toward something they need (real good) without knowing it, or might erroneously be working towards something that they don’t actually need, but still striving for the good (apparent good)

31
Q

What assumption do Aristotle and modern humanistic psychology share?

A

Everyone really wants to be happy and true happiness comes from maximally using our capacities in pursuit of excellence

32
Q

How did Plato and pre-aristotelians use logic?

A

Haphazard ways
Plato’s works used logic in a non-systematic way that was analogous to geometric proofs, with reductio ad absurdum arguments
Plato shows no evidence of having considered the formal structure of his arguments
Aristotle did focus on this formal structure

33
Q

Induction vs Deduction

A

Induction: reasoning from particulars to the universal
Deduction: reasoning from the universal to the particulars

34
Q

Terms vs Predicates in Aristotelian logic

A

The term is a part of speech representing something, but which is not true or false in its own right, such as “man” or “mortal”.
A term can either be a SUBJECT (quantity, like all men, or some men) or a PREDICATE (tells something about the subject, like all men RUN).
The proposition consists of two terms, in which one term (the “predicate”) is “affirmed” or “denied” of the other (the “subject”), and which is capable of truth or falsity.
The syllogism is an inference in which one proposition (the “conclusion”) follows of necessity from two others (the “premises”).

35
Q

Syllogism

A

The form of a logical argument in which we move from two premises (major and minor premise) to a conclusion

E.g. All x are y (Major premise: predication)
Z is an x (Minor premise: Case)
Z is y (Conclusion)

36
Q

Logical scope

A

Must always reason from a universal as a major premise

37
Q

Negation

A

No humans seek the bad.
Some living things are humans.
Some living things do not seek the bad.

38
Q

Aristotle and variables in logic

A

Don’t need to fill in our X and Y with real values in order for it to be correct.
However a problem cause we can prove crazy stuff.

All animals are living
All unicorns are animals
All unicorns are living

Syllogistically true, but ultimately wrong.

39
Q

How long did Aristotle’s logic rule the world?

A

Two millennia!

40
Q

What came after Aristotle’s term logic?

A

Predicate logic

41
Q

Predicate logic

A

Introduces the idea of quantifying arguments, formalizing what it means to say X is Y or all X are Y, and allowing logic to operate across this formalization
Opened up more complex forms of syllogism, explained why Aristotelian logic was valid, systemized different forms of the premise

42
Q

De Anima

A

“On the soul”

  • claims soul has physiological basis
  • emotions sensations and memories as conditions of the soul that exist only through the medium of the body
  • distinguishes between computation (reason) and storage (memory)
43
Q

How did Aristotle get around Plato’s problem?

A

How do we recognized knowledge?
Separated potential from actual ideas
.the mind has potential to have an idea, but for that idea to be actualized there has to be interaction with the real world that motivates the knowledge
Consider for example a particular oak tree. This is a member of a species and it has much in common with other oak trees, past, present and future. Its universal, its oakness, is a part of it. A biologist can study oak trees and learn about oakness and more generally the intelligible order within the sensible world. Accordingly, Aristotle was more confident than Plato about coming to know the sensible world

44
Q

What did Aristotle suggest about the forms?

A

They can be discovered through investigation of the natural world (science!)
Plato said they were instead beyond human understanding

45
Q

How did Aristotle define recollection?

A

Searching for an image in a corporeal substrate

46
Q

What are the three ways Aristotle identified that things could become associated in memory?

A

By similarity
.things that share features remind us of each other
By contrast
.things that are opposites remind us of each other
By contiguity
.things that have been experience together remind us of each other

47
Q

Aristotle’s cosmology

A

Earth is central and stationary.
Surrounded by sun, moon, and stars which move in circles around it.
Argued the earth must be a sphere, based on its shadow during a lunar eclipse.
The motion of the spheres has been set in place by ‘the prime mover’ and never changed.
Came up with a complex system that involved 55 spheres that could explain the observed motions of stars and planets.

48
Q

Aristotle’s contributions to mankind

A

.1)Naturalized psychology, bringing the human mind into the natural world as a biological phenomenon.
.2)Systemized the kinds of intelligence and the logical laws of thought.
.3)Introduced the idea of associationism: that objects of thought become connected by being associated in different ways
.4) eternal forms are derived from embodied experience

Psych 303 (4 decks)

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