ARH Mid Term Prep Flashcards
The earliest art we know of comes from the Neolithic era. T. or F
False
Depictions of the human form are rare in Paleolithic sculpture, and the few know
examples are mostly of male rulers. T. or F
False
The Book of the Dead was a compilation of the names of all the pharaohs from
throughout Egypt’s history. T. or F.
False
The characteristic pose of the Kouros is believed to have derived from
Mesopotamian sculpture. T. or F
False
Howard Carter
Discovered the intact tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun
Heinrich Schliemann
Best known as the man who discovered Troy, Considered the founder of modern archaeology, _______excavated at Troy, Mycenae, Tiryns and Orchomenos.
The ‘Mask of Agamemnon’, discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at Mycenae.
Sir Arthur Evens
Palace of Knossos, excavated, restored and interpreted the monument in the early 20th century,
Stonehenge
A cromlech
The victory stele of Naram –Sin
Sculpture.
The Victory Stele of Naram-Sin is a relief sculpture that commemorates the Akkadian victory over the Lullubi people
The ziggurat of king Urnammu at Ur
A temple.
The ziggurat was a piece in a temple complex that served as an administrative center for the city, and which was a shrine of the moon god Nanna, the patron deity of Ur.
The guardian monsters often found in Assyrian art do NOT include
which of the following?
Does NOT contain: Tail in the form of a serpent.
Does contain:
A. five legs
B. body of a lion
C. wings of a bird
D. head of a man
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
One of the 7 Wonders of the World.
The fabled gardens which beautified the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-562 BCE)
The in the Cycladic culture men were mostly
In Cycladic culture, men were predominantly engaged as sea-faring merchants rather than warriors or domestic controllers.
Marble figurines were geometrically abstract including women and harp players.
Gudea is a king of Egypt. T. or F
False
Gudea was a Sumerian ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia, who ruled c. 2080–2060 BC
Homo sapiens means the “one who knows” T. or F
True.
“Homo sapiens” translates to “wise man” in Latin, essentially meaning “the one who knows”.
Glazed Wedge is an early type of writing that uses wedged shapes. T. or F
False.
The correct term for wedge-shaped writing is “Cuneiform”.
Explanation: Cuneiform is the ancient writing system that used wedge-shaped marks made by pressing a reed stylus into wet clay tablets. “Glazed Wedge” is not a recognized term in the context of writing systems.
Free standing and made to be seen from all sides is a “relief” T. or F.
False.
A “relief” sculpture is designed to be viewed from one side only, while a freestanding sculpture is meant to be seen from all angles because it stands alone and is not attached to a background
Pictogram
a symbol and/or picture that represents a concept, word or instruction
post and lintel
a building method that uses vertical posts to support horizontal beams, called lintels
theocracy
a form of government where a deity or deities are the supreme ruling authority.
Ie: Vatican, Islam
portico
a porch leading to the entrance of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a roof structure over a walkway, supported by columns or enclosed by walls
canon
an accepted rule or guide about how people should behave or about how something should be done.
-the immutable, conventional timeline of artists who are considered the “Old Masters” and “Great Artists” as judged by disparate institutions over time. Their works represent the ideals of aesthetic and form, and are studied, copied, learned from, and revered.
stele
A stela is an upright monument containing information in the form of texts, images or a combination of the two. Stelae have been used to commemorate people or events, to delineate physical spaces or as objects through which to access the dead or divine
ionic
an architectural style in ancient Greece that’s characterized by fluted columns and scroll-like capitals.
skene
in ancient Greek theatre, a building behind the playing area that was originally a hut for the changing of masks and costumes but eventually became the background before which the drama was enacted.
maenad
In art. Maenads have been depicted in art as erratic and frenzied women enveloped in a drunken rapture, as in Euripides’ play The Bacchae.
In ancient Greece, Maenads were followers of the wine god Dionysus. They prepared his wine, and used it (along with dancing and sex) to access a state of frenzied, divine madness and ecstasy. In this altered state, they were believed to be possessed by the god, imbued with gifts of prophecy and superhuman strength
phalanx**
The phalanx formation appeared during the 7th and 8th centuries BC. The representation of hoplites in art show historians how the Greeks used this formation in battle as well as how the soldiers were dressed and what their armor looked like.
Paraxitelean curve
An S-shaped curve that describes the posture of figures in sculptures by the 4th century BC Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The curve is a result of the figure’s weight being placed on one leg, while the other leg is bent at the knee
Severe style
The “Early Classical Period” (480/479 – 450 BCE, also known as the “Severe Style”) was a period of transition when some sculptural work displayed archaizing holdovers. As can be seen in the Kritios Boy, c. 480 BCE, the “Severe Style” features realistic anatomy, serious expressions, pouty lips, and thick eyelids.
Contrapposto
an Italian term that means “counterpoise”. It is used in the visual arts to describe a human figure standing with most of its weight on one foot, so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs in the axial plane.
Low relief
A low relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief.
High relief
is where in general more than half the mass of the sculpted figure projects from the background. Indeed, the most prominent elements of the composition, especially heads and limbs, are often completely undercut, detaching them from the field. The parts of the subject that are seen are normally depicted at their full depth, unlike low relief where the elements seen are “squashed” flatter
Realist or realism
the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life
Idealistic or ideals
often involves a sense of transcendence or spirituality, with artists seeking to elevate the viewer’s experience and provoke contemplation about deeper truths and meanings. Another characteristic of idealism in art is a rejection of naturalism and a tendency towards stylization or abstraction.
naturalism
a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.
Akhenaten
is noted for abandoning traditional ancient Egyptian religion of polytheism and introducing Atenism, or worship centered around Aten
_____________________small building behind the orchestra in Greek
theatre
skene
_______________________covered entrance with a separate roof
supported by columns
portico
Philosopher is considered the founder of the discipline of science____________.
Aristotle
Who wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey_________________?
Homer
Famous Roman emperor who might have had a role in designing the
Pantheon____________________
Emperor Hadrian
He possessed a vision of Athens as the political, cultural and economic center of
the Greek world________________________
Pericles
Frieze
a long stretch of painted, sculpted or even calligraphic decoration in such a position, normally above eye-level
pediment
triangular gable forming the end of the roof slope over a portico (the area, with a roof supported by columns, leading to the entrance of a building); or a similar form used decoratively over a doorway or window. The pediment was the crowning feature of the Greek temple front.
entablature
a horizontal, continuous lintel on a classical building supported by columns or a wall, comprising the architrave, frieze, and cornice
offers structural support by linking together columns and supporting the roof. In addition to its more functional role, the entablature often contains many decorative elements
cella
a term used in classical architecture to describe the main chamber of a temple, where statues of deities were housed
Orientalizing
a term used to describe the spread of cultural ideas, technologies, and imagery from the East to the Mediterranean world. The Orientalizing period lasted from around 750–600 BC
Oligarchy
(from Ancient Greek ὀλιγαρχία (oligarkhía) ‘rule by few’; from ὀλίγος (olígos) ‘few’ and ἄρχω (árkhō) ‘to rule, command’) is a form of government in which power rests with a small number of people.
Muse
is a person who inspires an artist. The term is often used to describe a woman who serves as a creative source of inspiration
Triglyph
is a projecting, carved decorative panel made up of three vertical bands separated by two vertical channels. These were representations of the ends of wooden beams that would have been used to support the roofs of prehistoric Greek buildings.
a slightly projecting rectangular tablet in a Doric frieze with two vertical channels of V section and two corresponding chamfers or half channels on the vertical sides
cornice
1) The uppermost section of moldings along the top of a wall or just below a roof. 2) In Greek, Roman, and Neoclassical architecture, the upper portion of the entablature, located above the architrave and the frieze
maenad
In art. Maenads have been depicted in art as erratic and frenzied women enveloped in a drunken rapture, as in Euripides’ play The Bacchae
Hellenistic
covers the time in Greek history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra VII in 30 BC,[1] which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom
skepticism
is the practice of questioning and refining one’s beliefs and understanding of art. It can also refer to the idea that the true nature of art is hidden beneath the unnecessary, and that skepticism can help reveal it
codex
is a book made of sheets of material bound together, usually along one side. It is the direct ancestor of the modern book
Corinthian
the Corinthian has fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls. There are many variations. The name Corinthian is derived from the ancient Greek city of Corinth, although it was probably invented in Athens.
is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order, which was the earliest, followed by the Ionic order.
syncretism
the process of combining different artistic styles, cultures, or traditions to create new forms. It’s often seen in regions with diverse cultural influences.
natural
law
is a philosophical and legal theory that posits the existence of a set of inherent laws derived from nature and universal moral principles, which are discoverable through reason.
barrel vault
a continuous series of arches that creates a semi-cylindrical ceiling or roof structure, resembling a tunnel. This architectural element allows for the construction of large, open spaces and distributes weight evenly, making it a critical feature in various monumental structures throughout history.
Oculus
1 A decorative motif used on pottery and in rock art comprising a pair of circles or spirals resembling a pair of eyes. Such designs are widely found in western Europe in the 3rd millennium bc, especially in Spanish Copper Age ceramics, and in passage grave art. 2 A round window or opening in the top of a dome.
mosaic
a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface. Mosaics are often used as floor and wall decoration, and were particularly popular in the Ancient Roman world.
forum
An open space used for markets and gatherings of citizens, surrounded by temples and public buildings.
________________ a ceiling made of sets of arches placed side by side.
Barrel vault?
________________ the crowning, projecting part of the entablature.
The cornice
________________ the third Greek architectural order of columns, slender, fluted
capitals like an acanthus bush.
Corinthian (order)
________________ earliest form of bound book made of parchment
The codex
________________ the part of the temple above the columns and below the roof
included the architrave, the frieze and the pediment.
the entablature
________________a phase of Greek art, vase painting, which drew inspiration for
Near Eastern art.
Orientalizing period
________________ a Hellenistic philosophy that questioned whether anything
could be know for certain
Skepticism
________________ the combining of different forms of religious beliefs or
practices
syncretism
_______________ when Greek and oriental or Middle Eastern cultures and
institutions intermingled to create a heterogeneous and cosmopolitan civilization
Hellenistic period
_______________ the triangular shaped area or gable at the end of a building
gable end
________________ usually on a wall or a floor, inlayed small pieces of glass,
shell, or stone in plaster to create picture or patterns.
Mosaic
______________circular opening at the top of a dome, derived from word for
eye
An oculus
The Nike of Samothrace was designed to give the impression that:
a powerful and dynamic moment of naval victory
In addition to rectangular temples the Romans favored circular temples
such as the
Pantheon
Name the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
the Great Pyramid of Giza,
the Hanging Gardens of Babylon,
the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus,
the Statue of Zeus at Olympia,
the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus,
the Colossus of Rhodes, and
the Lighthouse of Alexandria
