arguments in action Flashcards
statement
asserts a fact, is either true or false
non statement
opposite of statement, cannot be said whether true or false
argument
collection of premises build into a conclusion
formalising
premise one
premise two
——————-
conclusion
convergent
individual premises that support a conclusion
linked
premises that depend on one another for conclusion
serial
premises that add to conclusion collectively
valid
all premises are true though the conclusion is false at the same time.
sound
premise and conclusion are both valid and true
strong inductive arguments
based on data, more data = stronger argument
cogent inductive arguments
argument is cogent if data is true
analogies
intuitive arguments, compares two objects to draw a similar conclusion
ambiguity
has more than one meaning
formal fallacies
arguments with bad structure
informal fallacies
common mistake or technique that commonly confuses people
attacking the person
criticism of individual rather than what’s being said, don’t listen to individual because of bad quality
post hoc ergo propter hoc
when you claim two unrelated things are related, just because two things occurred at the same time does not mean they are related
false dilemma
when you are given only two options when there are more than two
slippery slope
trying to detract us from something unfavourable by offering absurd unfavourable potential scenarios
appeal to ignorance
when you decided in the absence of information, just because there is no evidence does not mean it is not real
appeal to emotion
something should or should not happen because it will have good or bad consequences for you
affirming the content
x=y therefore y=x not true as winning the lottery makes you happy but being happy does not mean you’ve won the lottery
denying the antecedent
if x then y
not x not y
if one isn’t true the whole statement is not vaild
deductive reasoning
specific conclusions from general premise
inductive reasoning
general conclusions from specific premise
