Arguments

Question 1

Fallacy

Answer 1

Error in reasoning

Question 2

Euphemism

Answer 2

Substituting a word with more neutral impact for one that is more explicit or emotionally charged

Question 3

Emotionally distorting use of language

Answer 3

The author uses emotionally charged language to characterize the facts

Question 4

Vagueness

Answer 4

A term or phrase is vague of it has no clearly ascertainable meaning in the context

Question 5

Ambiguity

Answer 5

A term or phrase is ambitious if it has more than one clearly ascertainable meaning in context

Question 6

Fallacy of equivocation

Answer 6

Occurs where the arguer relies upon a shift in the meaning of a term in order to arrive at the conclusion

Question 7

Conditions for a Strong argument

Answer 7

Arg
A:condition acceptable (premises must be true)

R:condition relevance the premise must be relevant to the conclusion

G:condition good grounds , conclusion must be valid

Question 8

Inductive inference

Answer 8

Conclusion follows from experience

Question 9

Inductive

Answer 9

Conclusion states more then premise

Question 10

Premise acceptability

Answer 10

Acceptable by observation

Acceptable by testimony
- by expert / authoritative testimony

Acceptable by a priori

Question 11

Conditions of a good authority

Answer 11

Must posses credentials ex. Phd

Credentials are related to the matter

The expert must not be bias

Experts opinions is generally excepted within the relevant expert community

The subject matter must admit empirical confirmation

Question 12

Conditions of premise unacceptability

Answer 12

Observation
Testimony 
A priori 
Not defended in a strong sub argument 
Problems in language (vague, euphemism,etc)
Inconsistent premise 
Circular (begging the question) 
- arguer assumes their conclusion is true in order to prove it

Question 13

Why is common knowledge not a acceptable premise condition

Answer 13

Common knowledge reduces to more basic categories of evidence like observation and a priori

Question 14

Internal relevance

Answer 14

concerns the relevance of the premises to conclusions within the argument

Question 15

Positive relevance

Answer 15

A is more positively relevant to B if A makes B more lively to be true

Question 16

Irrelevant

Answer 16

A is irrelevant to B if A had no effect on the likelihood of B

Question 17

External/contextual relevance

Answer 17

Refers to the relevance of an argument to its context

Question 18

Negative relevance

Answer 18

A is negatively relevant to B if A makes B led likely to be true

Question 19

Probative value

Answer 19

How strong is the evidence for the conclusion

Question 20

Red herring fallacy

Answer 20

When the arguer introduces an irrelevant argument or irrelevant facts to distract the audience from the matter at issue

Question 21

Straw man fallacy

Answer 21

An arguer attacks a weakens or distorted version of the opponents argument

Question 22

Deductively valid

Answer 22

Conclusion is necessary given the premise

Question 23

Inductively valid

Answer 23

True based on weight of the evidence

Question 24

Intellectual virtue

Answer 24

Cognitive habit that is helps with arriving at a true belief