Argumentation and Debate Flashcards
______ is determination of ideas in the truth of which one would like to others to believe, or course of action which one would like others to adopt.
Invention
A process that involves the study of how to conduct investigation and research, the nature of evidence, the forms of arguments and the fallacies.
Selection
The art of influencing others through a reasoned discourse
Argumentation
Definite proposition and definite time
Debate
The purpose of the appeal to emotions is to stir those one desires to influence in the way one wishes them to act or to lead them to a new purpose.
Persuasion
What are the 2 Methods of Approach in the Work of Argumentation
- Conviction
- Persuasion
It is an appeal to reason and to the intellect.
Conviction
is an appeal to emotions, to the feelings, to the will.
Persuasion
________makes it interesting and leads one to embrace it.
Persuasion
Formal, direct oral contest in argumentation between 2 or more persons
Debate
What are the Processes in the Work of Argumentation?
Invention
Selection
Arrangement
Presentation
A process concerned with formulation of the proposition to be discussed.
Invention
________ is choosing from all the sources of information of facts, data, statistics, inferences that would help the arguer to establish ideas in the truth.
Selection
organization of materials that have selected in such a way as to secure maximum effect
Arrangement
Influencing the belief and behavior of the hearer/reader
Argumentation
A process involves the application of the 3 great rhetorical principles – unity, coherences, and emphasis and the study of mechanism and the brief outline.
Arrangement
The purpose of the appeal to the intellect is to create belief, or intellect agreement
Conviction
putting of the materials that have selected and organized into such effective language to convey the ideas
Presentation
The process involves the study of persuasion as the method of approach and techniques of the introduction, of the discussion, of the conclusion and the delivery.
Presentation
it lays down rules to be followed in presenting evidences and arguments. It investigates the processes of thinking, of inferring. It determines the soundness of reasoning and teaches us what correct thinking consists in.
Argumentation to Logic
It deals with the phenomenon of human consciousness, human conduct, knowledge of human nature.
Argumentation to Psychology
Argumentation in Human Relations
Argumentation is Fundamental
Argumentation is Universal
Argumentation is Indispensable
argumentation is the art whereby one creates belief in a person that determines his attitude towards men, institutions, and principles.
Argumentation is Fundamental
man is by nature gregarious, he lives in the society of his fellows, God has given him the gift of speech.
Argumentation is Universal
man cannot carry on the affairs of life without argumentation, as man and his society are now constituted, life would be meaningless if he does not communicate with fellows
Argumentation is indispensable
What are the Qualities developed through argumentation and debate?
- Influences others to accept or reject a belief.
- Trains men in quick and accurate thinking.
- Develops the qualities of assurance and self-reliance.
- Enables men to rise to positions of leadership.
An expression in words of an act of judgement and an act of judgement is a mental assertion of something as true or untrue.
Proposition
it aims at action. It answers the question: “should it be done?”
Proposition of Policy
It is expressed in a complete statement, with a subject and predicate. It allows an affirmance and a denial.
Proposition
What are the classes of Proposition
Proposition of Fact
Proposition of Policy
concerned with the truth or falsity of an act of judgement
Proposition of Fact
it aims at belief, it settles the questions ;”is the assertion true?”
Is / Is not?
Proposition of Fact
concerned with wisdom / unwisdom, the expediency / inexpediency of a course of action
Proposition of Policy
Forms of Proposition
- In a club
2.In a parliamentary body
3.In a municipal council
4.In a court of law
It makes the truth clear, drives one to accept the truth.
Conviction
It never shifts, it always lies on the affirmative side.
Burden of proof
What form of Proposition to use in a municipal council?
Ordinance
What form of Proposition to use in a parliamentary body?
resolution, bill
What form of Proposition to use in a court of law?
pleading / petition, complaint
Necessity of knowing the proposition
-In arguer / debater must know what is that he should establish
-In reader / hearer to determine whether the debater satisfies the requirements of the burden of proof, he must know what the dispute is all about
-A knowledge of the proposition is essential.
-Proposition may not be formally express
What should be the medium in a proposition?
Words
Is the duty if the affirmative to present evidences and arguments to establish his claim
Burden of proof
In legal procedure, it is the affirmative defense, avoidance, or confession.
counter proposition
It is the strength to win unless refuted.
Prima facie
The duty of either party to the controversy is to present evidences and arguments at any stage of the case to overthrow the contention of the opposing side.
Burden of Rebuttal
is one that is presented by the negative side, adverse to the main proposition.
counterproposition
It shifts from side to side as the debate progresses.
Burden of Rebuttal
In legal procedure, _____ covers the meaning of both burden of proof and burden of rebuttal.
Burden of proof
This term is not used in legal procedure.
Rebuttal/ burden of Rebuttal
What form of Proposition to use In a club?
Motion
The term used in Legal procedure for the word rebuttal is_____
Rebuttal evidence or Rebuttal argument
must be regarded by the judge.
Presumption of Law
May be regarded by the judge
They do not have the force of legal rules
Presumption of Fact
In general, are logical inferences of the truth or falsity of a point in dispute.
Theory of presumption
An attitude that is dictated by a degree of probability.
Presumption
A belief that may be true or untrue that is used as a basis of ideas.
Presumption
is a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof.
Assumption
may be overcome by a preponderance of evidence contrary to the presumption.
Debatable Presumption
is the acceptance of something as true although it is not known for certain.
Presumption
Types of presumptions of law
- Debatable Presumption, Non -conclusive, Disputable Presumption
- Conclusive Presumption,
simple logical inferences
Presumption of fact
legal assumptions of the truth or falsity of a point in dispute.
Presumption of Law
The final cannot refuted or reverted. It may not be controverted
Conclusive Presumption
Characteristics of Propositions Good for Debate
- Must be in a form of assertion
- Must be express only one act of judgement
- Must be susceptible of only one interpretation
- Must be unprejudiced
- Should be avoid abstractions and generalization
- Must be concise and simple
- Must be debatable
- Must be worded that the burden of proof shall fall on the affirmative side
- Must be interesting