Argumentaion Test

Question 1

Fallacies definition

Answer 1

Illogical statements that sound reasonable but are deceptive and dishonest.

Question 2

Begging the question

Answer 2

Assumes in the premise what the others should be proving in the conclusion. Asks readers to agree points are SEKF EVIDENT when they are NOT.

Question 3

Argument from analogy

Answer 3

A form of comparison that explains something that is unfamiliar with something more familiar. THEY DO NOT CONSTITUTE PROOF. Frequently ignores dissimilarities between the two things compared.

Question 4

personal attack (Ad hominem,against the body)

Answer 4

Tries it divert attention from the facts by attacking motives or character of the person character.

Question 5

Hasty or sweeping generalization

Answer 5

Jumping to conclusion. Happens when a conclusion is reached with too little evidence.

Question 6

False dilemma (either/or fallacy)

Answer 6

When a writer suggests that there are only two alternatives even though there may be others. This may simplify an argument and forces people to choose between extremes.

Question 7

Equivocation

Answer 7

When the meaning of a key term changes at some point in an argument.makes it seem as though a conclusion follows from premise when it actually does not.

Question 8

Red herring

Answer 8

When the focus of an argument is shifted to divert the audience from the actual issue.

Question 9

You also (Tu Quoque)

Answer 9

Asserts that an opponent’s argument has no value because the opponent does not follow his or her own advice (do as I say not as I do)

Question 10

Appeal to doubtful authority

Answer 10

Bolsters an argument by referencing experts or famous people. Valid when that person they are referring to is an expert but not valid if they have no expertise or credentials.

Question 11

Misleading statistics

Answer 11

Statists are a good way to form factual evidence but it can DISTORTED in attempt to influence an audience.

Question 12

Post Hoc, Ergo Procter Hoc (after this, therefore because of this)

Answer 12

(Post Hoc reasoning) assumes that because two events occur close together in time, the first must the be the cause for the second.

Question 13

Non sequitur (it does not follow)

Answer 13

Occurs when a statement does not logically follow from a previous statement.

Question 14

Argumentation definition

Answer 14

A process of reasoning that asserts the soundness of a debatable position, belief or conclusion.

Question 15

Use of argumentation

Answer 15

Used to convince other people to accept the VALIDITY of your position; to defend or REFUTE a position you believe to be misguided, untrue, dangerous, or evil.

Question 16

Persuasion

Answer 16

A general term that refers to to how a writer influences an audience to adopt a belief or follow a course of action

Question 17

Appeal to argumentation

Answer 17

The appeal to reason LOGOS

Question 18

Choosing appeals

Answer 18

Depends of the purpose and your sense of audience.

Question 19

Taking a stand

Answer 19

To state the position you will argue in the form of a thesis( opinion based assertion)

Question 20

After stating the thesis

Answer 20

Make sure your thesis is debatable

Question 21

Test the situation of your thesis

Answer 21

Formulate an antithesis, a statement that asserts the opposite position.
Anticipate the opposition.

Question 22

Before writing any essay analyze:

Answer 22

Characteristics, VALUES, and interests of your audience.

Question 23

Evidence

Answer 23

Can be fact or opinion

Question 24

Facts

Answer 24

Most people agree and can be verified independently

Question 25

Facts may be drawn from:

Answer 25

Your own experience, reading, and observation.

Question 26

Facts are more convincing when:

Answer 26

They are supplemented by opinions or interpretations(in your favor)

Question 27

The three criteria for evidence

Answer 27

1. Evidence is relevant(current)
2. Evidence should be representative (cover the topic)
3. Evidence should be sufficient (enough)

Question 28

Documentation

Answer 28

Gives readers the ability to evaluate the sources you cite and to consult them if they wish.

Question 29

Plagiarism

Answer 29

“Presenting the ideas or words of others as if they were your own”

Question 30

Directly addressing your opposition

Answer 30

You will convince your readers that your arguments are sound.

Question 31

What is refutation?

Answer 31

Anticipating objections and directly address them to disprove.

Question 32

Refuting opposing arguments

Answer 32

Showing they are unsound, unfair, weak, or it just doesn’t make sense.

Question 33

When an opponents argument is so compelling,

Answer 33

If I can’t be easily dismissed, you should concede its strength (narrowly admit its strength)

Question 34

By acknowledging that a point is well taken,

Answer 34

You reinforce that you are a fair minded person.

Question 35

Straw man

Answer 35

Distorting an opponents argument by making it seem weaker (nothing to see here)

Question 36

Rogerian argument

Answer 36

Enter a cooperative relationship with opponents

Question 37

Instead of aggressively refuting,

Answer 37

Emphasize points of agreement

Question 38

Adopting a conciliatory attitude

Answer 38

Demonstrates respect for opposing view points and your willingness to compare and work towards a position both will find acceptable.

Question 39

Adopting a conciliatory attitude

Answer 39

Demonstrates respect for opposing view points and your willingness to compare and work towards a position both will find acceptable.

Question 40

Deductive reasoning

Answer 40

Proceeds from a general premise or assumption to a specific conclusion

Question 41

Inductive reasoning

Answer 41

Individual observations to a more general conclusion and uses no strict form.

Question 42

Syllogism

Answer 42

The basic form of a deductive argument

Question 43

The three parts of a syllogism

Answer 43

A major premise(general), a minor premise(more specific), and a conclusion(most specific)

Question 44

Conclusions reached by induction are less definitive than those reached by syllogism

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

Moving your evidence to your conclusion

Answer 45

Make an inference- a statement about the unknown based on the known

Question 46

Crucial step from evidence to conclusion

Answer 46

The inductive leap

Question 47

Inductive conclusions are always certain

Answer 47

FALSE they are not always certain

Question 48

Toulmin logic

Answer 48

An effort to describe argumentation as it actually occurs in everyday life.

Question 49

Three parts of using toulmin logic

Answer 49

Claim(opinion), grounds(evidence), warrant(conclusion)